Thermoregulation. from basic neuroscience to clinical neurology / Part I :
Thermoregulation, Part I: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Volume 154, not only reviews how body temperature regulation changes in neurological diseases, but also how this aspect affects the course and outcomes of each disease. Other sections of the volume review three therapeutic appr...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam :
Elsevier,
[2018]
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| Series: | Handbook of clinical neurology ;
3rd ser., v. 156. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience To Clinical Neurology, Part I
- Copyright
- Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Contents of Part I
- Contents of Part II
- Section I: Thermoregulation system
- Chapter 1: The thermoregulation system and how it works
- Introduction: temperature and life1
- Body temperatures
- Core temperatures
- Shell temperatures
- Thermoregulatory effectors
- The miscellany of physiologic and behavioral thermoeffectors
- Heat exchange between the body and the environment
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation
- Thermoneutrality: a core concept of thermal physiology
- Thermoreceptors
- Central thermoreceptors
- Peripheral thermoreceptors and thermoTRP channels
- Neural pathways
- Afferent pathways of the physiologic thermoeffector responses
- Efferent pathways of autonomic thermoeffector responses
- Neural pathways of thermoregulatory behavioral responses
- Putting it all together: how body temperature is regulated
- Historic concepts of thermoregulation
- A centralized control system with a single set point
- Why the historic concepts needed revision
- The current concept
- Independent thermoeffector loops and their coordination
- Balance point, not set point
- Classification of thermoregulatory states
- Fever and anapyrexia
- Feedback
- main and auxiliary
- and feedforward
- Different effectors are driven by different temperatures
- Meshed control
- Applying the new concept: thermopharmacology
- The current concept is a consensus concept
- The future of the consensus concept
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest
- References2
- Section II: Thermoreceptors
- Chapter 2: Peripheral thermoreceptors in innocuous temperature detection
- Introduction.
- Cold-sensitive afferent neurons innervating skin
- Warm-sensitive afferent neurons innervating skin
- Axonal thermosensitivity of thermoreceptive afferent neurons
- Functional characteristics of thermosensitive afferents after nerve injury
- Thermoreceptive afferent neurons encoding innocuous temperatures deep in the body
- Is spinal cord warm sensitivity generated by stimulation of warm-sensitive spinal afferent neurons?
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 3: Molecular basis of peripheral innocuous cold sensitivity
- Introduction
- Behavioral responses to cold temperatures
- Human
- Properties of cold-sensitive peripheral afferent sensory neurons
- The role of Na+ and K+ conductances in cold signaling
- Detectors of cold in sensory neurons
- A model for the cellular basis of cold sensation
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 4: Molecular basis of peripheral innocuous warmth sensitivity
- Introduction
- TRPV1
- TRPV3
- TRPV4
- TRPM2
- TRPA1
- Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)
- P2X3
- Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
- Conclusions
- Conflicts of interest
- References
- Chapter 5: Peripheral and central determinants of skin wetness sensing in humans
- Introduction
- Skin wetness as a physiologic variable in human heat balance
- Skin wetness as a perceptual variable in behavioral thermoregulation
- The missing skin hygroreceptor: skin wetness as a synthetic perception
- Peripheral determinants of skin wetness sensing: thermosensory aspects
- Peripheral determinants of skin wetness sensing: mechanosensory aspects
- Central determinants of skin wetness sensing
- A neurophysiologic model for human skin wetness sensing
- Conclusions and future developments
- References
- Chapter 6: Nociceptors: thermal allodynia and thermal pain
- Introduction
- Neural pathways for pain and thermal sensations.
- Transduction of heat stimuli by nociceptors
- Mechanism of cold transduction
- Thermal hyperalgesia and thermal allodynia
- Mechanism of heat hyperalgesia
- Cold perception and cold allodynia
- Molecular mechanisms of cold allodynia and hyperalgesia
- Neural plasticity and pathologic pain
- Learning from mutations
- Treatment of hyperalgesia and allodynia
- Conclusions and future directions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 7: Central thermoreceptors
- Preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus in thermoregulation
- Central thermoreceptors
- Central thermoreceptors in vitro
- Mechanisms of thermosensitivity in central thermoreceptors
- Neuromodulation of central thermoreceptors
- Neurochemical nature of central thermoreceptors
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 8: Molecular basis of central thermosensation
- Introduction
- Is there a molecular signature for WSN?
- Molecules affecting central thermoregulation
- Summary and conclusion
- References
- Section III: Thermoeffectors
- Chapter 9: Brown adipose tissue as a heat-producing thermoeffector
- Measurement of brown-fat-derived heat production in intact animals
- Direct methods
- Indirect methods
- Heat production estimated from oxygen consumption
- When is heat produced in brown adipose tissue?
- Mammalian neonates
- Cold-exposed and cold-acclimated mammals
- Hibernators
- Fever
- In obese animals
- Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is facultative, acutely determined by ucp1 activity
- Nervous control of activation
- Intracellular events: the production of intracellularly derived substrate for thermogenesis
- The uptake of substrate for thermogenesis
- increased blood flow
- The mechanism of heat production
- The mitochondrial events
- Brown-fat mitochondria have low ATP synthase capacity
- Uncoupling protein-1.
- Biophysics of heat exchange
- Overall neural control of skin blood flow
- Vasoconstrictor control mechanisms
- Body cooling
- Local cooling
- Nitric oxide
- Adrenergic involvement
- Cold-induced vasodilation
- Reflex vasoconstriction
- Modifications of the reflex responses to whole-body cooling
- Environmental cooling
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 12: Cutaneous active vasodilation as a heat loss thermoeffector
- Introduction/Chapter Remarks
- Background
- Thermoregulation and CAVD importance
- Thermal regulation and the heat balance equation
- Central integration of thermal cues
- Cutaneous Anatomy
- Vascular
- Neural
- Overall Responses to Hyperthermic Challenges
- Whole-body heating
- Environmental
- Mechanisms of active vasodilation
- Early evidence for reflex cutaneous vasodilation
- The bradykinin hypothesis
- Cholinergic co-transmission theory
- Vasodilators involved in CAVD
- Nitric oxide
- Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
- Histamine
- Neurokinin receptor-mediated vasodilation
- TRPV1 receptors
- Prostaglandins
- Calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa) and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs
- Summary of the mechanisms of CAVD
- Modifiers of CAVD
- Whole-body heating and skin temperature
- Acute modifiers: circadian rhythm
- Acute modifiers: postural influences
- Acute modifiers: dynamic exercise
- Chronic modifiers: exercise training and heat acclimation
- Chronic modifiers: sex steroids
- Modifiers: special populations
- Aging
- Hypertension and type 2 diabetes
- Heart failure
- Spinal cord injury
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 13: Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector
- Introduction
- The sweat gland
- Types of sweat glands
- Structure and function
- Innervation
- Distribution
- Sweat secretion and reabsorption.