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Advances in agronomy. Volume 138 /

Advances in Agronomy continues to be recognized as a leading reference and first-rate source for the latest research in agronomy.Each volume contains an eclectic group of reviews by leading scientists throughout the world.

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors: Sparks, Donald L., 1953- (Editor)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Amsterdam : Academic Press, 2016.
Series:Advances in Agronomy 138
Subjects:
Agronomy.
Agronomie.
agronomy.
Agronomy
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Cover
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Chapter One
  • Root Iron Plaque on Wetland Plants as a Dynamic Pool of Nutrients and Contaminants
  • Abstract
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Wetlands and Hydrophytes
  • 2.1 Fresh, Marine, Cultivated, and Constructed Wetlands
  • 2.2 Radial Oxygen Loss and its Effects
  • 2.2.1 Radiant Oxygen Loss and Biogeochemistry
  • 3. Formation and Characteristics of Iron Plaque
  • 3.1 Factors Affecting Formation of Iron Plaque
  • 3.2 Abiotic Factors
  • 3.2.1 Available Iron and Manganese
  • 3.2.2 Anoxic Condition
  • 3.2.3 Redox Potential
  • 3.2.4 pH and Manganese Plaque
  • 3.2.5 Organic Matter
  • 3.2.6 Arsenic
  • 3.2.7 Phosphorus
  • 3.2.8 Sulfur
  • 3.3 Biotic Factors
  • 3.3.1 Radial Oxygen Loss and Iron Plaque Formation
  • 3.3.2 Plants, Cultivars, and Phytomorphology
  • 3.3.3 Microbes and Iron Plaque Formation
  • 3.4 Characteristics of Iron Plaque
  • 3.5 Hydrophytes and Phytoremediation in Constructed Wetlands
  • 3.6 Analyses of Iron Plaque
  • 3.6.1 Wet Chemical Methods
  • 3.6.2 Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
  • 3.6.3 Application of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
  • 4. Root Plaque as a Source and Sink for Plant Nutrients and Contaminants
  • 4.1 Tolerance Strategies and Mechanisms in Hydrophytes
  • 4.2 Iron Tolerance and Uptake
  • 4.3 Phosphorus
  • 4.4 Trace Metals
  • 4.4.1 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms
  • 4.4.2 Sequestration of Metals on Root Plaque
  • 4.4.3 Metal Uptake
  • 4.5 Arsenic
  • 4.5.1 Arsenic in Rice and Other Hydrophytes
  • 4.5.2 Arsenic Speciation in Paddy Soil Solution
  • 4.5.3 Arsenic Speciation in Root Iron Plaque
  • 4.5.4 Arsenic Uptake by Rice
  • 4.5.5 Phosphorus Nutrition and Arsenic Uptake by Rice
  • 4.5.6 Sulfur Nutrition and Arsenic Uptake by Rice
  • 4.5.7 Other Factors and Arsenic Uptake by Rice
  • 4.6 Selenium.
  • 4.7 Hydrophytes and Phytoremediation in Constructed Wetlands
  • 4.8 Fate of Root Plaque and Sorbed Elements
  • 4.8.1 Release of Arsenic From Root Iron Plaque
  • 4.8.2 Iron Mottle in Paddy Soil
  • 5. Future Research
  • 6. Summary
  • 7. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Chapter Two
  • Utilization of Biowaste for Mine Spoil Rehabilitation
  • Abstract
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Sources of Biowaste
  • 3. Regulations of Biowaste Utilization
  • 3.1 Regulations in the USA
  • 3.2 Regulations in Australia and Europe
  • 4. Effects of Biowaste Addition on Mine Spoils
  • 4.1 Physical Characteristics
  • 4.2 Chemical Characteristics
  • 4.3 Biological Characteristics
  • 5. Case Studies of Biowaste Utilization
  • 5.1 Biosolids in Combination With Calcium Carbonate for Metal Contaminated Hard Rock Mining Sites in the United States
  • 5.2 Crop Residues as Biowastes for Metal Immobilization in Rice Paddies Affected by Mining Activities in Korea
  • 5.3 Crop Residues as Biowastes for Sulfidic Tailing Soil Rehabilitation in Australia
  • 5.3.1 Physical Improvement for Root Penetration in Neutral Base Metal Mine Tailings
  • 5.3.2 Organic Matter Amendments in Soil Formation
  • 5.4 Revegetation of Mine-Impacted Areas Using Organic Waste Amendments: A Case Study From the Tri-State Mining Region, USA
  • 6. Efficacy of Biowastes on Mine Spoil Rehabilitation
  • 7. Conclusions and Future Research Needs
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter Three
  • Exposure, Toxicity, Health Impacts, and Bioavailability of Heavy Metal Mixtures
  • Abstract
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Impacts of Heavy Metals on Human Health and Metal-Metal Interactions
  • 2.1 Chemistry of Heavy Metals and Their Interactions With Essential Nutrients
  • 2.2 Impacts on Bones
  • 2.3 Impacts on the Nervous System
  • 2.4 Carcinogenic and Teratogenic Impacts
  • 2.5 Impacts on Liver and Kidneys.
  • 2.6 Impacts on Pancreas
  • 2.7 Impacts on Skin
  • 2.8 Impacts on the Reproductive System
  • 3. Impacts on Ecosystem Health
  • 3.1 Impacts on Mammals
  • 3.2 Impacts on Birds
  • 3.3 Impacts on Fish and Bivalves
  • 3.4 Impacts on Other Animals and Microbes
  • 4. Regulatory Limits for Heavy Metals
  • 5. Bioassay Tests
  • 5.1 Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability Tests for Heavy Metal Assessment
  • 5.1.1 Chemical Tests
  • 5.1.2 Toxicity Tests
  • 5.1.3 Estimating or Measuring Bioaccumulation Directly From Environmental Media
  • 5.1.4 Estimating Bioavailability Using Soil Properties
  • 5.1.5 Assessment of Contaminant Bioaccessibility
  • 5.1.6 Microbial Biosensors
  • 5.1.7 Animal Trials
  • 6. Metal-Metal Interactions in Soil
  • 7. Effect of Soil Properties on Metal Bioavailability
  • 7.1 Total Metal Concentration
  • 7.2 pH
  • 7.3 Eh (Redox Potential)
  • 7.4 Pesticides, Fertilizers, and Sewage Sludge
  • 7.5 Clay and Hydrous Oxides
  • 7.6 Organic Carbon
  • 7.7 Cation Exchange Capacity
  • 8. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter Four
  • Integrated Farming Systems and the Livelihood Security of Small and Marginal Farmers in India and Other Developing Countries
  • Abstract
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background
  • 3. Concepts of Farming Systems
  • 3.1 Background: Small Farmers and Characteristics of Small Farms
  • 3.1.1 Definition of Small Farms
  • 3.1.2 Smallholder Farming Scenario in India
  • 3.1.3 Definition of Small Farmers
  • 3.1.4 Strategies for the Development of Small Farms
  • 3.1.4.1 Development of Small Farming Systems
  • 3.1.4.2 Targeting Research and Development in Rain-Fed Areas
  • 3.1.4.3 The Systems and Interdisciplinary Approach
  • 3.1.4.4 Access to Technologies and Delivery Systems
  • 3.1.4.5 Markets and Marketing
  • 3.2 Conceptual Definition of a Farming System
  • 3.3 Approach to Research: Holism and Reductionism.
  • 3.4 Integrated Farming Systems
  • 3.4.1 Resource Flow in an IFS
  • 3.4.2 Concept of an Ideal IFS
  • 3.5 The Objectives and Benefits of an Integrated Farming System
  • 3.6 Role of Integrated Farming Systems in Enhancing Resource Use Efficiency, Sustainable Agriculture, and Ecosystem Services
  • 3.6.1 IFS for Enhancing Resource Use Efficiency
  • 3.6.2 IFS for Enhancing Sustainable Agriculture
  • 3.6.3 IFS for Enhancing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
  • 4. Determinants of Farming Systems
  • 4.1 Natural Resources and Climate
  • 4.2 Science and Technology
  • 4.3 Trade Liberalization and Market Development
  • 4.4 Policies, Institutions, and the Public Good
  • 4.5 Information and Human Capital
  • 4.6 Indigenous Technological Knowledge
  • 5. Major Components of IFS in India and Other South Asian Countries
  • 5.1 Farming Systems Under Different Agro-Ecosystems
  • 5.1.1 The Rain-Fed Agro-Ecosystem
  • 5.1.2 The Irrigated Agro-Ecosystem
  • 5.1.3 The Coastal Agro-Ecosystem
  • 5.1.4 The Arid Agro-Ecosystem
  • 5.1.5 The Hill and Mountain Agro-Ecosystem
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
  • Index
  • Back cover.