http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Case studies -- advances in field and laboratory research
Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, Volume Five: Case Studies - Advances in Field and Laboratory Research, the companion to volumes 1-4, includes the latest research findings about coal and peat fires in the United States, China, India, France, Spain, Poland, and Ireland. Included are chapters about the discovery of microarthropods at two mine fires, the oldest recorded uses of burning coal, the effects of combustion and coal waste on a riverine system, remote sensing analysis of coal fires, gas explosion and spontaneous combustion experiments, and phases associated with the by-products of combustion. This essential reference, along with volumes 1-4, includes a companion website with an interactive world map of coal and peat fires, a collection of slide presentations, research data, and videos: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859.
Front Cover -- Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective -- Captions for Front Cover Photos -- Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface to Volume 1 -- Preface to Volume 2 -- Preface to Volume 3 -- Preface to Volume 4 -- Preface to Volume 5 -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Case Studies -- Advances in Field and Laboratory Research -- Case Studies -- Advances in Field and Laboratory Research -- Case Studies -- Advances in Field and Laboratory Research -- 1 -- The Earliest Known Uses of Coal as a Fuel: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Bronze Age Coal Fires -- 1.1 The Earliest Known Uses of Burning Coal -- Introduction -- Coal as a Fuel -- Harvesting Potential Energy -- Paleolithic and Mesolithic Coal Fires -- Southern France -- Czech Silesia -- Bronze Age Coal Fires -- China -- Wales -- Additional Occurrences -- Possible Uses of Coal for Smelting in Serbia and the Middle East -- More About Europe -- The Americas -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- WWW Addresses: Additional Reading -- 2 -- Coal-Fire Microarthropods From the Centralia, Pennsylvania and Healy, Alaska Mine Fires -- 2.1 Arthropods and Coal Fires -- Introduction -- The Arthropods -- Characteristics of Arthropods -- External Features -- Internal and Additional Features -- Field Methods: Collecting Microarthropods -- Collection Procedure -- Laboratory Extraction of Microarthropods -- Microscopy of Microarthropods -- Processing of Microarthropods for SEM Imaging -- Rehydration -- Dehydration -- Images of Coal-Fire Microarthropods -- Centralia Mine Fire, Pennsylvania -- Springtails -- Mites -- Thrips -- Beetles -- Beetle Larvae -- Healy Mine Fire, Alaska -- Aphids -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- WWW Addresses: Additional Reading -- 3 -- Coal Fires of Northeastern Pennsylvania.
3.1 Coal Fires of Northeastern Pennsylvania -- Introduction -- Early Mine Fires -- The Changing Anthracite Industry -- The Future -- Summary and Conclusion -- Appendix: Coal Fires -- Carbondale, Centralia, and Other Middle Period Coal Fires -- Recent Fires -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 4 -- The Summit Hill Coal-Mine Fire, Pennsylvania -- 4.1 The Summit Hill Mine Fire -- Introduction -- History and Development -- The Burning Mines Fire -- Dealing with the Fire -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 5 -- Modern and Ancient Coal Fires in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana -- 5.1 Coal Fires and Clinker -- Introduction -- Causes of Coal Fires -- Modern Coal Fires -- Fires in Abandoned Underground Mines -- Fires in Highwalls and Spoil Piles -- Fires in Natural Coal Outcrops -- Low-Level Smoldering of Coal Beds -- Ancient Coal Fires -- Extent of Clinker -- Methods of Dating -- Age of Clinker -- 5.2 Geologic History of Clinker in the Eastern Powder River Basin -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 6 -- The Occurrence and Use of Coal Cinders in Washington State -- 6.1 The Occurrence and Use of Coal Cinders in Washington State -- Introduction -- The Use of Cinders -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 7 -- The Spontaneous Combustion of Coal-Mine Waste and Stream Effects in the El Bierzo Coalfield, Spain -- 7.1 The El Bierzo Coalfield, Spain -- Introduction -- Mine-Acid Drainage -- Spontaneous Combustion of Coal Waste -- Case Study -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- Sampling -- Analytical Methods -- 7.3 Physicochemical Parameters -- Physicochemical Parameters -- 7.4 Minor and Trace Element Concentrations -- Minor and Trace Element Concentrations -- 7.5 Surface Water Quality -- Surface Water Quality -- 7.6 Sources of Contamination.
Potential Sources of Contamination -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- 8 -- Analyzing the Status of Thermal Events in Longwall Coal Mine Gobs -- 8.1 Thermal Accidents in Underground Coal Mines -- Introduction -- Mining Hazards -- 8.2 Spontaneous Combustion of Longwall Gob -- Introduction -- Three Zones in Coal-Mine Gob -- Nonspontaneous Combustion Zone -- Spontaneous Combustion Zone -- Suffocation Zone -- Gob Zones and Air-Flow Velocity -- Gob Zones and Oxygen Concentration -- 8.3 Fire Ratios and Indicators -- Introduction -- Graham's Ratio -- Trickett's Ratio -- Relative Intensity -- Litton Ratio -- Hydrocarbon Ratio -- 8.4 Explosibility Analysis of Mining Atmospheres -- Introduction -- Tertiary Diagrams -- Revised Le Chatelier's Rule -- Maximum Allowable Oxygen Analysis -- U.S. Bureau of Mines Explosibility Diagram -- Coward Explosibility Triangle -- Kukuczka Method -- Mine-Gas Distribution Patterns -- Longwall Mining Gob Experiment -- The Datong Mine -- The Experimental Model -- Air Velocity and Gas Release Rates -- Results and Discussion -- Gas Distribution in the Gob -- Gas Distribution in Overlying Strata -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References -- WWW Addresses: Additional Reading -- 9 -- Gases Generated During the Low-Temperature Oxidation and Pyrolysis of Coal and the Effects on Methane-Air Flammable Limits -- 9.1 Gases Generated During Low-Temperature Oxidation and Pyrolysis -- Introduction -- Experimental Conditions -- Gas Production Rates -- Gas Generation During Oxidation and Pyrolysis -- Oxidation and Spontaneous Combustion Gases -- Discussion -- 9.2 Gas Effects on Methane-Air Flammable Limits -- Introduction -- Experiment Conditions -- Flammable Limits -- Explosive Risk Value F -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Important Terms -- References.
10 -- Determination of the Characteristics of Coal-Spontaneous Combustion and the Danger Zone -- 10.1 Coal-Spontaneous Combustion Analysis -- Introduction -- Coal Samples -- Experimental Apparatus -- Gas Concentration -- Oxygen Consumption Rate -- Heat Energy Release -- Limiting Parameters: Mined-Out Area -- Discussion -- 10.2 The Danger Zone: Determining Coal-Spontaneous Combustion -- The 3006-Working Face in the Hebi Coal Mine -- In Situ Observation -- Danger Zone Determination -- Three Zone Determination: Mined-Out Area -- Determination of Danger Zone: Mined-Out Area -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Additional Reading -- 11 -- Quantification of the Environmental Impact of Coal Fires: Xinjiang Province, China -- 11.1 Coal Fire Pollutants -- Introduction -- Analytical Methods -- Programmed Heating-Oxidation -- Thermogravimetric Analysis -- Thermodynamic Simulations -- Results and Discussion -- FactSage Modeling -- 11.2 Migration of Heavy Metals in Soil Affected by Coal Fires -- Introduction -- Analytical Methods -- Soil Sampling -- Experimental Apparatus and Reagents -- Isothermal Adsorption and Desorption -- Soil Column Construction -- Leachate Setting -- Leaching Test -- Results and Discussion -- Adsorption Characteristics -- Desorption Characteristics -- Accumulated Amount and Rate of Arsenic Release -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 -- Colloid Technology for Preventing and Extinguishing the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal -- 12.1 Colloidal Technology for Fighting the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal -- Introduction -- Colloidal Mitigation of Spontaneous Combustion -- Colloid Composition and Classification -- Colloid Composition -- Colloid Classification -- Colloid Properties for Preventing Combustion -- Control of Gelation Time -- Water Retention Capacity -- Pressure Resistance -- Permeability.
Heat Energy Absorption -- Temperature Tolerance -- Drag Reduction -- Chemical Resistant Effect -- 12.2 Gel for Extinguishing a Coal Fire -- Characteristics -- Preparation and Injection -- Continuous Injection System -- Purpose -- 12.3 Thickened Colloid for Extinguishing a Coal Fire -- Characteristics -- Preparation and Injection -- Purpose -- 12.4 Composite Colloid for Extinguishing a Coal Fire -- Characteristics -- Preparation and Injection -- Equipment Features and Applicability -- Ground Compaction and Injection -- Preparation and Injection Technique -- Equipment Features and Applicability -- 12.5 Case Study -- No. 4 Coal Seam Fires in Baoding, Panzhihua -- Coal-Fire Detection -- Radon -- Drilling Process -- Injection Technique -- Treatment Effects -- Conclusions -- References -- 13 -- Crystallochemical Behavior of Slag Minerals and the Occurrence of Potentially New Mineral Species From Lapanouse-de-Sévérac, France -- 13.1 Slag and Potentially New Minerals From Lapanouse-de-Sévérac, France -- Introduction -- Previous Research -- 13.2 Analyses and Materials Description -- Rock Characteristics -- Analytical Methods -- Rock Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry -- Anhydrite (CaSO4) -- Alkali Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) -- Apatite Supergroup (Ca5(PO4,SiO4,VO4,SO4)3(F,OH,O,Cl)) -- Calcium Ferrites (Mainly Srebrodolskite, Ca2Fe2O5) -- Cancrinite Group (Approximately (Na,Ca,K)7-8(Al,Si)10-12O22-24(SO4,PO4)[(1-x)-2]·nH2O) -- Clinopyroxene Subgroup (Diopside-Esseneite-Hedenbergite (Ca(Mg,Fe3+,Fe2+)(Si,Al)2O6) -- Cuspidine (Ca4(Si2O7)F2) -- Ettringite Group (Ca3[(Si,Al)(OH)6](SO4,CO3)2·12H2O) -- Garnet Group (Andradite, Ca3(Fe,Ti)2(SiO4)3) -- Hematite (Fe2O3) -- Larnite (Ca2SiO4) -- Leucite (KAlSi2O6) -- Melilite Group (Ca2(Al,Mg,Fe3+)(Al,Si)(Si,Al)O7) and Related Species -- Nepheline ((Na,K)AlSiO4) -- Oldhamite (CaS) -- Olivine Group ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4).
Includes bibliographical references and index.