http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Membrane separation principles and applications
from material selection to mechanisms and industrial uses
Membrane Separation Principles and Applications: From Material Selection to Mechanisms and Industrial Uses, the latest volume in the Handbooks in Separation Science series, is the first single resource to explore all aspects of this rapidly growing area of study.
Front Cover -- Membrane Separation Principles and Applications: From Material Selection to Mechanisms and Industrial Uses -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Reverse Osmosis Membrane Separation Technology -- 1.1. Introduction of Reverse Osmosis -- 1.1.1. Historic Development of RO -- 1.1.2. Basic Properties of RO Membrane -- 1.2. RO Membrane Fabrication -- 1.2.1. Cellulose Acetate Membrane -- 1.2.2. TFC Polyamide Membrane -- 1.2.3. Membrane With a Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Film -- 1.2.4. Recent Advances in Membranes -- 1.2.4.1. Mixed Matrix Membranes -- 1.2.4.2. Biomimetic Membranes -- 1.3. Membrane Properties and Characterizations -- 1.3.1. Membrane Properties -- 1.3.1.1. Water Permeability and Solute Permeability -- 1.3.1.2. Hydrophilicity -- 1.3.1.3. Surface Roughness -- 1.3.1.4. Surface Charge -- 1.3.1.5. Stability -- 1.3.2. Membrane Characterizations -- 1.3.2.1. Performance Tests -- 1.3.2.2. Microscopic Methods -- 1.3.2.3. Spectroscopic Methods -- 1.3.2.4. Other Characterization Techniques -- 1.4. Membrane Modules and Process Operation -- 1.4.1. Membrane Modules -- 1.4.1.1. Spiral Wound Module (SWM) -- 1.4.1.2. Hollow Fiber Module -- 1.4.1.3. Plate-and-Frame Module -- 1.4.1.4. Tubular Module -- 1.4.2. Process Operation -- 1.5. Concentration Polarization -- 1.6. Membrane Fouling and Control -- 1.6.1. Factors Affecting Membrane Fouling -- 1.6.1.1. Membrane Properties -- 1.6.1.2. Feed Water Composition -- 1.6.1.3. Hydrodynamic Conditions -- 1.6.2. Fouling Mitigation -- 1.7. RO Applications -- 1.7.1. Desalination and Water Reclamation -- 1.7.1.1. Desalination -- 1.7.1.2. Water Reclamation/Wastewater Treatment -- 1.7.2. Ultrapure Water Production -- 1.7.3. Solute Concentration -- 1.7.3.1. Concentration of Juices and Dairy Products -- 1.7.3.2. Dealcoholization of Fermented Beverage -- 1.7.4. Organic Solvent Separation.
1.8. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2: Materials and Engineering Design of Interfacial Polymerized Thin Film Composite Nanofiltration Membrane for In ... -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Membrane Characteristics and Its Performance -- 2.3. Material Selection -- 2.3.1. Polyamide -- 2.3.2. Polyester -- 2.3.3. Polyamine -- 2.3.4. Polyurethane -- 2.4. Control of Interfacial Polymerization -- 2.4.1. Monomer -- 2.4.2. Reaction Conditions -- 2.4.3. Support Layer -- 2.5. Conventional Applications of TFC Nanofiltration -- 2.5.1. Water Softening -- 2.5.2. Wastewater and Water Treatment -- 2.5.3. Food Processing -- 2.6. Functionalized TFC Nanofiltration and Its Applications -- 2.6.1. Positively Charged Thin Film Composite Membrane -- 2.6.1.1. Poly (Ethylene Imine) -- 2.6.1.2. Poly(vinylamine) -- 2.6.1.3. Poly (amidoamine) -- 2.6.1.4. Poly (dopamine) -- 2.6.2. Chemical Resistance Nanofiltration -- 2.6.3. Thin Film Nanocomposite Membrane (TFN) -- 2.7. Separation Principles and Solute Transportation -- 2.7.1. Driving Force of NF Process -- 2.7.2. Membrane Transport Model -- 2.7.2.1. Spiegler-Kedem Model -- 2.7.2.2. Solution-Diffusion Model -- 2.7.2.3. Kimura-Sourirajan Model -- 2.7.2.4. Maxwell-Stefan Model -- 2.7.2.5. Extended Nernst-Planck (ENP) Model -- 2.7.2.5.1. Teorell-Meyer-Siever Model (TMS) -- 2.7.2.5.2. Donnan Steric Pore Model (DSPM) -- 2.7.2.5.3. Donnan Steric Pore Model (DSPM&DE) -- 2.7.2.6. Space Charge Model (SC) -- 2.8. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3: Recent Progresses of Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes and Processes in Water Treatment -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Recent Progresses in UF Membrane Development -- 3.2.1. Material Selection for Polymeric UF Membrane -- 3.2.1.1. Polymer -- 3.2.1.2. Nanoparticles -- 3.3. Polymeric UF Membrane Configurations -- 3.3.1. Flat Sheet UF Membrane.
3.3.2. Hollow Fibers UF Membrane -- 3.3.3. Nanofibrous UF Membrane -- 3.3.4. Mixed Matrix Membranes -- 3.4. Fouling Mitigation -- 3.4.1. Fouling Type and Methods to Control Fouling -- 3.4.2. Cleaning Method -- 3.5. Surface Modification -- 3.6. Recent Progresses in UF Membrane and UF Membrane Processes -- 3.6.1. Antibacterial Membrane -- 3.6.2. Adsorptive Membrane -- 3.6.3. UF Photocatalytic Membranes -- 3.7. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: Microfiltration Membranes -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Modes and Modules -- 4.2.1. Modes -- 4.2.1.1. Batch -- 4.2.1.2. Semi-Batch -- 4.2.1.3. Continuous -- 4.2.2. Modules -- 4.2.2.1. Plate and Frame -- 4.2.2.2. Spiral Wound -- 4.2.2.3. Tubular -- 4.2.2.4. Perforated Block -- 4.2.2.5. Rotating Disk -- 4.3. Fouling and Its Corrective Measures -- 4.3.1. Evaluation of Membrane Fouling -- 4.3.2. Methods to Abstain Fouling -- 4.3.2.1. Increase in the Hydrophilicity of the Membranes by Blending Method -- 4.3.2.2. Antifouling Membranes by Surface Modification -- 4.3.2.2.1. Physical Modification -- 4.3.2.2.2. Chemical Modification -- 4.4. Preparation -- 4.4.1. Polymeric Membranes -- 4.4.1.1. Stretching -- 4.4.1.2. Track-Etching -- 4.4.1.3. Sintering -- 4.4.1.4. Phase Inversion -- 4.4.1.5. Solution Coating -- 4.4.2. Ceramic Membranes -- 4.4.2.1. Paste Method -- 4.4.2.2. Uni-Axial Method -- 4.4.2.3. Other Methods -- 4.4.2.3.1. Slip Casting -- 4.4.2.3.2. Tape Casting -- 4.4.2.3.3. Dip Coating -- 4.4.2.3.4. Extrusion -- 4.5. Characterization -- 4.5.1. Membrane Morphological Analysis -- 4.5.1.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 4.5.1.2. Membrane Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution -- 4.5.2. Membrane Structural and Functional Analysis -- 4.5.2.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis -- 4.5.2.2. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis -- 4.5.2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis.
4.6. Ceramic Membrane Applications -- 4.6.1. Oily Wastewater Treatment -- 4.6.2. Juice Clarification -- 4.6.3. Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.6.4. Protein Separation -- 4.7. Cost Estimation -- References -- Chapter 5: Inorganic Membranes for Gas Separations -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Common Considerations and General Principles -- 5.2.1. Membrane Material and Microstructure -- 5.2.2. Membrane Formation -- 5.2.2.1. Dense Ceramic Membranes -- 5.2.2.2. Dense Metallic Membranes -- 5.2.2.3. Microporous Membranes -- 5.2.3. Gas Separation Mechanism -- 5.2.3.1. Dense Ceramic Membranes -- 5.2.3.2. Dense Metallic Membranes -- 5.2.3.3. Microporous Membranes -- 5.2.4. Performance Indicators -- 5.2.4.1. Permeation -- 5.2.4.2. Selectivity -- 5.3. Dense Ceramic Membranes -- 5.3.1. Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting (MIEC) Ceramics -- 5.3.1.1. Material Structure and Basic Concepts -- 5.3.1.2. Membrane Transport -- 5.3.1.3. Membrane Configuration, Microstructure, and Fabrication -- 5.3.1.4. MICE Membranes Based on Material Families -- 5.3.2. Mixed Protonic-Electronic Conducting Ceramics -- 5.3.2.1. Hydrogen Transport Mechanisms -- 5.3.2.2. Mixed Protonic-Electronic Conducting Materials -- 5.3.2.3. Preparation of Mixed Protonic-Electronic Conducting Membranes -- 5.4. Dense Metallic Membranes -- 5.4.1. Separation Mechanism -- 5.4.2. Pd-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Separation -- 5.4.2.1. Chemical Stabilities -- 5.4.2.2. Pd-Based Alloys -- 5.4.3. Formation of Pd-Based Membrane -- 5.4.3.1. The Roles of the Membrane Support -- 5.4.3.2. Membrane Formation Methods -- 5.5. Microporous Membranes -- 5.5.1. Silica Membranes -- 5.5.1.1. Sol-Gel Methods -- 5.5.1.2. Applying Sol Onto a Porous Support -- 5.5.2. Zeolite Membranes -- 5.5.2.1. Fabrication Methods -- 5.5.2.1.1. In Situ Hydrothermal Method -- 5.5.2.1.2. Secondary Growth -- 5.5.2.1.3. Phase Transport Method.
5.5.2.2. Modifications of Zeolite Membranes -- 5.5.3. Carbon Membrane -- 5.5.3.1. Precursor Polymeric Materials -- 5.5.3.2. Converting Conditions -- 5.5.3.3. Membrane Configurations -- 5.5.4. Gas Transport Through Microporous Membranes -- 5.6. Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 6: Pervaporation and Vapor Separation -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Theory Background -- 6.2.1. Transport Mechanism -- 6.2.2. Evaluation of Pervaporation and Vapor Separation Membranes -- 6.3. Fabrication of Pervaporation and Vapor Separation Membranes -- 6.3.1. Solution Casting -- 6.3.2. Hollow Fiber Spinning -- 6.3.3. Typical Methods for Fabricating Composite Membranes -- 6.3.3.1. Solution Coating -- 6.3.3.2. Interfacial Polymerization -- 6.3.3.3. Layer-by-Layer Technology -- 6.3.4. Physicochemical Modifications -- 6.4. Pervaporation Membranes -- 6.4.1. Dehydration of Organics -- 6.4.1.1. Highly Hydrophilic Polymeric Membranes -- 6.4.1.2. Polyimide Membranes -- 6.4.1.3. Membranes From Other Aromatic Polymers -- 6.4.1.4. Polyamide Membranes -- 6.4.1.5. Membranes From Perfluoro Polymers -- 6.4.1.6. Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) -- 6.4.2. Removal of Organics From Aqueous Solutions -- 6.4.2.1. Hydrophobic Polymeric Membranes -- 6.4.2.2. MMMs -- 6.4.3. Organic/Organic Separation Membranes -- 6.4.3.1. Polymeric Membranes -- 6.4.3.2. MMMs -- 6.5. Vapor Permeation -- 6.6. Useful Characterization Methods for Pervaporation and Vapor Separation Membranes -- 6.7. Conclusions and Perspective -- References -- Chapter 7: Pervaporation and Hybrid Vacuum Membrane Distillation Technology and Applications -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Vacuum Membrane Distillation and Hybrid Pervaporation Membranes -- 7.3. AZEO-SEP™, VOC-SEP™, and AQUA-SEP™: Products of Petro Sep -- 7.4. Solvent Recovery and Wastewater Treatment.
edited by Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mukhlis A. Rahman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura.