Principles of electron optics. Volume two, Applied geometrical optics /

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Hawkes, P. W. (Author), Kasper, E. (Erwin), 1933- (Author)
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London : Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, [2018]
Edition:	Second edition.
Subjects:	Electron optics. Geometrical optics. Optique électronique. Optique géométrique. SCIENCE > Physics > Electricity. SCIENCE > Physics > Electromagnetism. Electron optics Geometrical optics Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Pt. VII Instrumental Optics
ch. 35 Electrostatic Lenses
35.1.Introduction
35.2.Immersion Lenses
35.2.1.The Single Aperture
35.2.2.The Two-Electrode Lens
35.2.3.Three or More Electrodes
35.3.Einzel Lenses
35.3.1.The Principal Potential Models
35.3.2.Measurements and Exact Calculations
35.3.3.Miniature Lenses
35.4.Grid or Foil Lenses
35.5.Conical Lenses and Coaxial Lenses
35.6.Cylindrical Lenses
ch. 36 Magnetic Lenses
36.1.Introduction
36.1.1.Modes of Operation
36.1.2.Practical Design
36.1.3.Notation
36.2.Field Models
36.2.1.Symmetric Lenses: Glaser's Bell-Shaped Model
36.3.Related Bell-Shaped Curves
36.3.1.The Grivet
Lenz Model
36.3.2.The Exponential Model
36.3.3.The Power Law Model
36.3.4.The Convolutional Models
36.3.5.A Generalized Model
36.3.6.Unsymmetric Lenses
36.3.7.Hahn's Procedure
36.3.8.Other Models
36.4.Measurements and Universal Curves
36.4.1.Introduction
36.4.2.Unsaturated Lenses
36.4.3.Saturated Lenses
36.5.Ultimate Lens Performance
36.5.1.Tretner's Analysis
36.5.2.Earlier Studies
36.5.3.Optimization
36.6.Lenses of Unusual Geometry
36.6.1.Mini-Lenses, Pancake Lenses and Single-Polepiece Lenses
36.6.2.Laminated Lenses
36.7.Special Purpose Lenses
36.7.1.Unsymmetrical Round Lenses
36.7.2.Superconducting Shielding Lenses or Cryolenses
36.7.3.Permanent-Magnet Lenses
36.7.4.Triple-Polepiece Projector Lenses
36.7.5.Objective Lens with Low Magnetic Field at the Specimen Capable of Good Resolution
36.7.6.Probe-Forming Lenses for Low-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopes
36.7.7.Hybrid TEM
STEM Operation: the Twin and Super-Twin Geometries
36.7.8.The Lotus-Root Multibeam Lens
ch. 37 Electron Mirrors, Low-Energy-Electron Microscopes and Photoemission Electron Microscopes, Cathode Lenses and Field-Emission Microscopy
37.1.The Electron Mirror Microscope
37.2.Mirrors in Energy Analysis
37.3.Cathode Lenses, Low-Energy-Electron Microscopes and Photoemission Electron Microscopes
37.4.Field-Emission Microscopy
37.5.Ultrafast Electron Microscopy
ch. 38 The Wien Filter
ch. 39 Quadrupole Lenses
39.1.Introduction
39.2.The Rectangular and Bell-Shaped Models
39.3.Isolated Quadrupoles and Doublets
39.4.Triplets
39.5.Quadruplets
39.6.Other Quadrupole Geometries
39.6.1.Arc Lenses
39.6.2.Crossed Lenses
39.6.3.Biplanar Lenses
39.6.4.Astigmatic Tube Lenses
39.6.5.Transaxial Lenses
39.6.6.Radial Lenses
ch. 40 Deflection Systems
40.1.Introduction
40.2.Field Models for Magnetic Deflection Systems
40.2.1.Field of a Closed Loop in Free Space
40.2.2.Approximate Treatment of Ferrite Shields
40.2.3.The Axial Harmonics
40.3.The Variable-Axis Lens
40.3.1.Theoretical Considerations
40.3.2.Practical Design
40.4.Alternative Concepts
40.5.Deflection Modes and Beam-Shaping Techniques
pt. VIII Aberration Correction and Beam Intensity Distribution (Caustics)
ch. 41 Aberration Correction
41.1.Introduction
41.2.Multipole Correctors
41.2.1.Quadrupoles and Octopoles
41.2.2.Sextupole Optics and Sextupole Correctors
41.2.3.Practical Designs
41.2.4.Measurement of Aberrations
41.3.Foil Lenses and Space Charge
41.3.1.Space Charge Clouds
41.3.2.Foil Lenses
41.4.Axial Conductors
41.5.Mirrors
41.6.High-Frequency Lenses
41.6.1.Spherical Correction
41.6.2.Chromatic Correction
41.7.Other Aspects of Aberration Correction
41.8.Concluding Remarks
ch. 42 Caustics and Their Uses
42.1.Introduction
42.2.The Concept of the Caustic
42.3.The Caustic of a Round Lens
42.4.The Caustic of an Astigmatic Lens
42.5.Intensity Considerations
42.6.Higher Order Focusing Properties
42.7.Applications of Annular Systems
pt. IX Electron Guns
ch. 43 General Features of Electron Guns
43.1.Thermionic Electron Guns
43.2.Schottky Emission Guns
43.3.Cold Field Electron Emission Guns
43.4.Beam Transport Systems
ch. 44 Theory of Electron Emission
44.1.General Relations
44.2.Transmission Through a Plane Barrier
44.3.Thermionic Electron Emission
44.4.The Tunnel Effect
44.5.Field Electron Emission
44.6.Schottky Emission
44.7.Concluding Remarks
ch. 45 Pointed Cathodes Without Space Charge
45.1.The Spherical Cathode
45.2.The Diode Approximation
45.3.Field Calculation in Electron Sources with Pointed Cathodes
45.3.1.Analytic Field Models
45.3.2.Rigorous Methods
45.4.Simple Models
45.4.1.A Diode-Field Model
45.4.2.Thermionic Triode Guns
ch. 46 Space Charge Effects
46.1.The Spherical Diode
46.2.Asymptotic Properties and Generalizations
46.3.Determination of the Space Charge
46.4.The Boersch Effect
46.4.1.Introduction
46.4.2.The Shift of the Mean Energy
46.4.3.Thermodynamic Considerations
46.4.4.Analytical Calculations
ch. 47 Brightness
47.1.Application of Liouville's Theorem
47.2.The Maximum Brightness
47.3.The Influence of Apertures
47.4.Lenz's Brightness Theory
47.4.1.Rotationally Symmetric Electrostatic Fields
47.4.2.The Generalized Theory
47.5.Measurement of the Brightness
47.6.Coulomb Interactions and Brightness
47.7.Aberrations in the Theory of Brightness
ch. 48 Emittance
48.1.Trace Space and Hyperemittance
48.2.Two-Dimensional Emittances
48.2.1.General Emittance Ellipses
48.2.2.Acceptance and Matching
48.3.Brightness and Emittance
48.4.Emittance Diagrams
ch. 49 Gun Optics
49.1.The Fujita
Shimoyama Theory
49.2.Rose's Theory
49.3.Matching the Paraxial Approximation to a Cathode Surface
ch. 50 Complete Electron Guns
50.1.Justification of the Point Source Model
50.2.The Lens System in Field-Emission Devices
50.3.Hybrid Emission
50.4.Conventional Thermionic Guns
50.5.Pierce Guns
50.6.Multi-electron-beam Systems
50.7.Carbon Nanotube Emitters
50.8.Further Reading
pt. X Systems with a Curved Optic Axis
ch. 51 General Curvilinear Systems
51.1.Introduction of a Curvilinear Coordinate System
51.2.Series Expansion of the Potentials and Fields
51.3.Variational Principle and Trajectory Equations
51.4.Simplifying Symmetries
51.5.Trajectory Equations for Symmetric Configurations
51.6.Aberration Theory
51.6.1.Magnetic Systems
51.6.2.Compound Systems
ch. 52 Sector Fields and Their Applications
52.1.Introduction
52.2.Magnetic Devices with a Circular Optic Axis
52.3.Radial (Horizontal) Focusing for a Particular Model Field
52.4.The Linear Dispersion
52.5.The Axial (Vertical) Focusing
52.6.Fringing Field Effects
52.7.Aberration Theory: The Homogeneous Magnetic Field (n = 0)
52.8.Optimization Procedures
52.8.1.Single Deflection Prisms
52.8.2.Use of Symmetries
52.9.Energy Analysers and Monochromators
52.9.1.Introduction
52.9.2.In-column Energy Analysers
52.9.3.Details of the Various Filters
52.9.4.The Mollenstedt and Ichinokawa Analysers
52.9.5.Postcolumn Spectrometers
52.9.6.Monochromators
ch. 53 Unified Theories of Ion Optical Systems
53.1.Introduction
53.2.Electrostatic Prisms
53.3.A Unified Version of the Theory
53.4.The Literature of Ion Optics.