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Sustainable management of arthropod pests of tomato
Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato provides insight into the proper and appropriate application of pesticides and the integration of alternative pest management methods. The basis of good crop management decisions is a better understanding of the crop ecosystem, including the pests, their natural enemies, and the crop itself. This book provides a global overview of the biology and management of key arthropod pests of tomatoes, including arthropod-vectored diseases. It includes information that places tomatoes in terms of global food production and food security, with each pest chapter including the predators and parasitoids that have specifically been found to have the greatest impact on reducing that particular pest. In-depth coverage of the development of resistance in tomato plants and the biotic and abiotic elicitors of resistance and detailed information about the sustainable management of tomato pests is also presented. Provides basic biological and management information for arthropod pests of tomato from a global perspective, encompassing all production types (field, protected, organic). Includes chapters on integrated management of tomato pests and specific aspects of tomato pest management, including within protected structures and in organic production. Presents management systems that have been tested in the real-world by the authors of each chapter. Fully illustrated throughout with line drawings and color plates that illustrate key pest and beneficial arthropods associated with tomato production around the world.
Machine generated contents note: SECTION I Introduction -- 1. Tomato and Management of Associated Arthropod Pests: Past, Present, and Future / Thomas M. Perring -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Production, Area, and Yield -- 3. Tomato and Global Food Security -- 4. Pests of Tomato: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Priorities -- 5. Climate Change -- References -- SECTION II -- 2. Aphids: Biology, Ecology, and Management / Paolo Fanti -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Identification, Biology, Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence of Major Aphid Pests on Tomato -- 3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 4. Management -- 4.1. Monitoring and Sampling -- 4.2. Cultural Control -- 4.3. Resistance of Tomato Plant to Aphids -- 4.4. Biological Control -- 4.5. Chemical Control -- 4.6. Management of Viruses Transmitted by Aphids -- 4.7. Integrated Pest Management -- 5. Economics of Management Strategies -- 6. Future Prospects and Conclusion -- References -- 3. Thrips: Biology, Ecology, and Management / Steve Olson -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Identification -- 2.1. Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande -- 2.2. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) -- 3. Biology -- 4. Distribution and Host Range -- 5. Seasonal Occurrence -- 6. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds -- 7. Management -- 7.1. Cultural and Physical Control -- 7.2. Host-Plant Resistance -- 7.3. Biological Control -- 7.4. Chemical Control -- 7.5. Integrated Pest Management -- 8. Economics of Management Strategies -- 9. Future Prospects -- 10. Summary -- References -- 4. Whiteflies: Biology, Ecology, and Management / Sharon A. Andreason -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Identification, Biology, Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence of Whitefly Pests on Tomato -- 2.1. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) -- 2.2. Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) -- 3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 4. Management -- 4.1. Monitoring and Sampling -- 4.2. Cultural Control -- 4.3. Tomato Plant Resistance to Whiteflies -- 4.4. Biological Control -- 4.5. Chemical Control -- 4.6. Insecticide Resistance -- 4.7. Management of Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies -- 4.8. Integrated Pest Management -- 5. Economics of Management Strategies -- 6. Future Prospects and Conclusion -- References -- 5. Mites: Biology, Ecology, and Management / Tetsuo Gotoh -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch -- 2.1. Identification -- 2.2. Biology -- 2.3. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 2.4. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds -- 3. Tomato Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard -- 3.1. Identification -- 3.2. Biology -- 3.3. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 3.4. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds -- 4. Tomato Russet Mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) -- 4.1. Identification -- 4.2. Biology -- 4.3. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 4.4. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds -- 5. Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) -- 5.1. Identification -- 5.2. Biology -- 5.3. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 5.4. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds -- 6. Management -- 6.1. Monitoring -- 6.2. Cultural Control -- 6.3. Host-Plant Resistance -- 6.4. Biological Control -- 6.5. Chemical Control -- 7. Economics of Management Strategies -- 8. Future Prospects -- References -- 6. Lepidopterous Pests: Biology, Ecology, and Management / Christopher R. Philips -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tomato Fruitworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) -- 2.1. Description and Biology -- 2.2. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 2.3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 2.4. Management -- 3. Tomato Fruitworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) -- 3.1. Description and Biology -- 3.2. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 3.3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 3.4. Management -- 4. Tomato Pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) -- 4.1. Description and Biology -- 4.2. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 4.3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 4.4. Management -- 5. Tomato Hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), and Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth) -- 5.1. Description and Biology -- 5.2. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 5.3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 5.4. Management -- 6. Potato Tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) -- 6.1. Description and Biology -- 6.2. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 6.3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 6.4. Management -- 7. Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) -- 7.1. Description and Biology -- 7.2. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 7.3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 7.4. Management -- 8. Common Armyworm, Spodoptera litura (F) -- 8.1. Biology -- 8.2. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 8.3. Management -- 9. Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) -- 9.1. Identification and Biology -- 9.2. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 9.3. Damage, Economic Thresholds, and Losses -- 9.4. Management -- 10. Economics of Management Strategies -- 11. Summary -- References -- 7. Psyllids: Biology, Ecology, and Management / John T. Trumble -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Taxonomy -- 3. Morphology -- 4. Distribution -- 5. Haplotypes -- 6. Life Cycle -- 7. Hosts -- 8. Pest Status -- 8.1. Psyllid Yellows -- 8.2. Vein Greening Disease -- 9. Management -- 9.1. Sampling and Treatment Decisions -- 9.2. Within Field and Plant Distribution -- 9.3. Biological Control -- 9.4. "Green" Compounds and Organically Acceptable Control Methods -- 9.5. Chemical Control -- 10. Economics of Management Strategies -- 11. Future Prospects -- References -- 8. Minor Pests / Mirza A. Qayyum -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stink Bugs, Euschistus conspersus Uhler, Thyanta pallidovirens (Stal), Nezara viridula (L.), Chinavia hilaris Say, Euschistus servus (Say), Halyomorpha halys Stal, Chlorochroa sayi (Stal), Chlorochroa uhleri (Stal) -- 2.1. Identification -- 2.2. Biology -- 2.3. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 2.4. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds -- 2.5. Management -- 2.6. Summary -- 3. Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say -- 3.1. Identification -- 3.2. Biology -- 3.3. Distribution, Host Range, and Seasonal Occurrence -- 3.4. Damage, Losses, and Economic Thresholds -- 3.5. Management -- 3.6. Summary -- 4. Flea Beetles, Epitrix spp., and Phyllotreta spp.
Note continued: 4. RNA Interference as a Novel Alternative Tool for Insect Resistance -- 4.1. RNAi in Gene Silencing -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11. Biological Control in Tomato Production Systems: Theory and Practice / David Orr -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological Control Agents of Tomato Pests -- 2.1. Whiteflies and Aphids -- 2.2. Caterpiliars -- 2.3. Flies -- 2.4. True Bugs -- 2.5. Psyllids -- 2.6. Thrips -- 2.7. Mites -- 2.8. Nematodes -- 2.9. Pathogens -- 3. Biological Control Practices in Tomatoes -- 3.1. Importation Biological Control -- 3.2. Augmentation Biological Control -- 3.3. Conservation Biological Control -- 4. Management Strategies to Support Biological Control Efforts -- 4.1. Adaptability of Natural Enemies -- 4.2. Pesticide Use -- 4.3. Habitat Manipulation -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- 12. Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Biological Control Agents of Tomato Pests / David Shapiro-Han -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Role of EPNs in Control of Pests in Tomato -- 2.1. Tomato Leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) -- 2.2. Tomato Budworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Armyworms, Spodoptera spp. -- 2.3. Leafminers, Liriomyza spp. -- 2.4. Hemiptera: Aphididae -- 2.5. Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae -- 2.6. Thrips, Thysanoptera: Thripidae -- 2.7. Wireworms, Coleoptera: Elateridae -- 3. Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 13. Applications and Trends in Commercial Biological Control for Arthropod Pests of Tomato / Frank G. Zalom -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Arthropod Pests of Tomato, Invertebrate Biological Control Agents, and Microbial Pesticides -- 2.1. Lepidoptera -- 2.2. Hemiptera -- 2.3. Thysanoptera -- 2.4. Diptera -- 2.5. Acari -- 3. Biological Control of Tomato Pests in Protected Culture and Open Field Production -- 3.1. Availability of Commercial Natural Enemies for Tomato Pests -- 3.2. Quality Assurance for Producing Natural Enemies -- 3.3. Tomato Grower Evaluation of Natural Enemies -- 3.4. Status of Invertebrate Biological Control Agent Use in Augmentative Biological Control -- 3.5. Microbial Pesticides Available for Tomato Pests -- 3.6. Advantages of Using Microbial Pesticides -- 3.7. Challenges in Using Microbial Pesticides -- 4. Trends in Commercial Biological Control -- 5. Economics of Adopting Augmentative Biological Control -- References -- 14. Protection of Tomatoes Using Bagging Technology and Its Role in IPM of Arthropod Pests / Amanda Fialho -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tomato Production in Brazil and IPM -- 3. Impact of Fruit Bagging on Tuta absoluta (Meiryck), Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenee), and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) -- 4. Impact of Fruit Bagging on Erwinia spp. and Alternaria solani Sorauer -- 5. Impact of Fruit Bagging on Thrips and Mites -- 6. Impact of Fruit Bagging on Fruit Production, Quality, and Production Cost -- 7. Future Prospects -- References -- 15. Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Tomato Under Protected Structures / Manickam Ravishankar -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioecology and Damage Potential of Major Pests -- 2.1. Aphids, Aphis gossypii Clover -- 2.2. Thrips Thrips palmi Karny and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood -- 2.3. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) -- 2.4. Leafminers, Liriomyza spp. -- 2.5. Spider Mites, Tetranychus urticaeKoch, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard -- 2.6. Oriental Leafworm Moth, Spodoptera litura (F.) -- 2.7. Nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White), Meloidogyne javanica (Treub), and Meloidogyne arenaria Chitwood -- 3. Integrated Pest Management Strategies in Protected Tomato Production -- 3.1. Cultural Control -- 3.2. Colored Sticky Traps -- 3.3. Pheromone Traps -- 3.4. Biological Control -- 3.5. Biopesticides -- 4. Future Prospects -- References -- 16. Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Field-Grown Tomatoes / James F. Walgenbach -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tomato Production Factors Affecting IPM Programs -- 3. Thresholds and Sampling Plans -- 4. Cultural Control -- 5. Host-Plant Resistance -- 6. Biological Control -- 6.1. Aphids -- 6.2. Mites -- 6.3. South American Pinworm -- 6.4. Fruitworms -- 6.5. Leafminers -- 7. Semiochemical Control -- 8. Chemical Control -- 8.1. Change in the Type of Pesticides -- 8.2. Insecticide Resistance -- 9. Future Prospects -- References -- SECTION IV Registration and Regulation -- 17. Agricultural Pesticide Registration in the United States / Michael Braverman -- 1. Legislative History and Background of Pesticide Regulation in the United States -- 2. Organizational Structure of EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs -- 3. Types of Pesticide Registrations Under FIFRA -- 3.1. Federal Registration Actions -- 3.2. Experimental Use Permits -- 3.3. Emergency Exemptions -- 3.4. State-Specific Registrations -- 4. Registration Process for a Conventional (i.e., Man-Made) Pesticide in Registration Division -- 5. Science Reviews -- 6. Risk Assessment -- 7. Risk Refinement -- 8. Federal Register Publication Process -- 9. Recent Advances in the Registration Process -- 9.1. Global Joint Reviews -- 9.2. Crop Grouping -- 10. Summary.
editors, Waqas Wakil, Gerald E. Brust, Thomas M. Perring.
Includes bibliographical references and index.