Principles of electron optics. Volume one, Basic geometrical optics /

Principles of Electron Optics: Basic Geometrical Optics, Second Edition, explores the geometrical optics needed to analyze an extremely wide range of instruments: cathode-ray tubes; the family of electron microscopes, including the fixed-beam and scanning transmission instruments, the scanning elect...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Hawkes, P. W.
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Kasper, E. (Erwin), 1933-
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London : Academic Press, ©2018.
Edition:	2nd ed.
Subjects:	Electron optics. Optics and Photonics Optique électronique. SCIENCE > Physics > Electricity. SCIENCE > Physics > Electromagnetism. Electron optics Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
Principles of Electron Optics
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition (Extracts)
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 Organization of the Subject
1.2 History
I. Classical Mechanics
2 Relativistic Kinematics
2.1 The Lorentz Equation and General Considerations
2.2 Conservation of Energy
2.3 The Acceleration Potential
2.4 Definition of Coordinate Systems
2.5 Conservation of Axial Angular Momentum
3 Different Forms of Trajectory Equations
3.1 Parametric Representation in Terms of the Arc-Length
3.2 Relativistic Proper-Time Representation
3.3 The Cartesian Representation
3.4 Scaling Rules
4 Variational Principles
4.1 The Lagrange Formalism
4.2 General Rotationally Symmetric Systems
4.3 The Canonical Formalism
4.4 The Time-Independent Form of the Variational Principle
4.5 Static Rotationally Symmetric Systems
5 Hamiltonian Optics
5.1 Introduction of the Characteristic Function
5.2 The Hamilton-Jacobi Equation
5.3 The Analogy With Light Optics
5.4 The Influence of Vector Potentials
5.5 Gauge Transformations
5.6 Poincaré's Integral Invariant
5.7 The Problem of Uniqueness
5.8 Lie Algebra
5.9 Summary
II. Calculation of Static Fields
6 Basic Concepts and Equations
6.1 General Considerations
6.2 Field Equations
6.3 Variational Principles
6.4 Rotationally Symmetric Fields
6.5 Planar Fields
7 Series Expansions
7.1 Azimuthal Fourier Series Expansions
7.1.1 Scalar Potentials
7.1.2 Vector Potentials
7.2 Radial Series Expansions
7.2.1 Scalar Potentials
7.2.2 Vector Potentials
7.2.3 Explicit Representations
7.3 Rotationally Symmetric Fields
7.3.1 Electrostatic Fields
7.3.2 Magnetic Fields
7.4 Multipole Fields
7.5 Planar Fields.
7.6 Fourier-Bessel Series Expansions
8 Boundary-Value Problems
8.1 Boundary-Value Problems in Electrostatics
8.2 Boundary Conditions in Magnetostatics
8.3 Examples of Boundary-Value Problems in Magnetostatics
8.3.1 Devices with Superconducting Yokes
8.3.2 Conventional Round Magnetic Lenses
8.3.3 Unconventional Round Magnetic Lenses
8.3.4 Toroidal Magnetic Deflection Systems
9 Integral Equations
9.1 Integral Equations for Scalar Potentials
9.1.1 General Theory
9.1.2 Dirichlet Problems
9.1.3 Neumann Problems
9.2 Problems with Interface Conditions
9.3 Reduction of the Dimensions
9.3.1 Dirichlet Problems
9.3.2 Interface Conditions
9.3.3 Planar Fields
9.4 Important Special Cases
9.4.1 Rotationally Symmetric Scalar Potentials
9.4.2 Rotationally Symmetric Vector Potentials
9.4.3 Unconventional Magnetic Lenses
9.4.4 Magnetic Deflection Coils
9.4.5 Multipole Systems
9.4.6 Small Perturbations of the Rotational Symmetry
9.5 Résumé
10 The Boundary-Element Method
10.1 Evaluation of the Fourier Integral Kernels
10.1.1 Introduction of Moduli
10.1.2 Radial Series Expansions
10.1.3 Recurrence Relations
10.1.4 Analytic Differentiation
10.2 Numerical Solution of One-Dimensional Integral Equations
10.2.1 Conventional Solution Techniques
10.2.2 The Charge Simulation Method
10.2.3 Combination with Interpolation Kernels
10.2.3.1 General formalism
10.2.3.2 Marginal positions
10.2.3.3 General properties
10.2.3.4 Solution of integral equations
10.2.3.5 Application to field calculations
10.2.4 Evaluation of Improper Integrals
10.3 Superposition of Aperture Fields
10.3.1 Electric Field of a Single Aperture
10.3.2 Superposition Procedure
10.3.3 Combination with the BEM
10.3.4 Extrapolation of the Number of Segments.
10.4 Three-Dimensional Dirichlet Problems
10.5 Examples of Applications of the Boundary-Element Method
11 The Finite-Difference Method (FDM)
11.1 The Choice of Grid
11.2 The Taylor Series Method
11.3 The Integration Method
11.4 Nine-Point Formulae
11.5 The Finite-Difference Method in Three Dimensions
11.6 Other Aspects of the Method
11.6.1 Expanding Spherical-Mesh Grid
11.6.2 Extrapolation on Multiple Grids
11.6.3 Combination with the BEM
11.7 Iterative Solution Techniques
12 The Finite-Element Method (FEM)
12.1 Formulation for Round Magnetic Lenses
12.2 Formulation for Self-adjoint Elliptic Equations
12.3 Solution of the Finite-Element Equations
12.4 Improvement of the Finite-Element Method
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Alternative Formulations
12.4.3 First- and Second-Order Finite-Element Methods (FOFEM and SOFEM)
12.5 Comparison and Combination of Different Methods
12.6 Deflection Units and Multipoles
12.7 Related Work
13 Field-Interpolation Techniques
13.1 One-Dimensional Differentiation and Interpolation
13.1.1 Hermite Interpolation
13.1.2 Cubic Splines
13.1.3 Differentiation Using Difference Schemes
13.1.4 Evaluation of Radial Series Expansions
13.2 Two-Dimensional Interpolation
13.2.1 Hermite Interpolation
13.2.2 The Use of Derivatives of Higher Order
13.3 Interpolation and the Finite-Element Method
III. The Paraxial Approximation
14 Introduction to Paraxial Equations
15 Systems with an Axis of Rotational Symmetry
15.1 Derivation of the Paraxial Ray Equations from the General Ray Equations
15.1.1 Physical Significance of the Coordinate Rotation
15.2 Variational Derivation of the Paraxial Equations
15.3 Forms of the Paraxial Equations and General Properties of their Solutions
15.3.1 Reduced Coordinates.
15.3.2 Stigmatic Image Formation
15.3.3 The Wronskian
15.4 The Abbe Sine Condition and Herschel's Condition
15.5 Some Other Transformations
16 Gaussian Optics of Rotationally Symmetric Systems: Asymptotic Image Formation
16.1 Real and Asymptotic Image Formation
16.2 Asymptotic Cardinal Elements and Transfer Matrices
16.3 Gaussian Optics as a Projective Transformation (Collineation)
16.4 Use of the Angle Characteristic to Establish the Gaussian Optical Quantities
16.5 The Existence of Asymptotes
17 Gaussian Optics of Rotationally Symmetric Systems: Real Cardinal Elements
17.1 Real Cardinal Elements for High Magnification and High Demagnification
17.2 Osculating Cardinal Elements
17.3 Inversion of the Principal Planes
17.4 Approximate Formulae for the Cardinal Elements: The Thin-Lens Approximation and the Weak-Lens Approximation
Magnetic Lenses
Electrostatic Lenses
18 Electron Mirrors
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Modified Temporal Representation
18.3 The Cartesian Representation
18.4 A Quadratic Transformation
19 Quadrupole Lenses
19.1 Paraxial Equations for Quadrupoles
19.2 Transaxial Lenses
20 Cylindrical Lenses
IV. Aberrations
21 Introduction to Aberration Theory
22 Perturbation Theory: General Formalism
23 The Relation Between Permitted Types of Aberration and System Symmetry
23.1 Introduction
23.2 N=1
23.2.1 N=1. Systems with a Plane of Symmetry
23.3 N=2
23.3.1 N=2. Systems Possessing a Plane of Symmetry
23.4 N=3
23.5 N=4
23.6 N=5 and 6
23.7 Systems with an Axis of Rotational Symmetry
23.8 Note on the Classification of Aberrations
23.8.1 Terms Independent of xo, yo (p=q=0): Aperture Aberrations
23.8.2 Terms Independent of xa, ya (r=s=0): Distortions
23.8.3 Intermediate Terms
23.8.4 Phase Shifts.