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Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries
the definitive user's guide and databook
William Andrew Applied Science Publishers
1 online resource (xv, 436 pages) : illustrations (some color)
Fluoropolymer Applications in Chemical Processing Industries: The Definitive User's Guide and Handbook, Second Edition, contains the most extensive collection of data and information on fluoropolymer applications in chemical processing industries. Because of their superior properties, fluoropolymers have been rapidly replacing metal alloys for corrosion inhibition in chemical processing equipment. This book is a complete compendium of information about fluoropolymer lining materials and structural piping and tubing. Fluoropolymer surfaces preserve purity of processing streams in the chemical processing, plastics, food, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, and pulp and paper industries. Updated to reflect major changes since 2004, this book contains practical, problem-solving tools for professionals in those industries. Equipment manufacturers, plant operators, and product design and manufacturing engineers all will benefit from the in-depth knowledge provided. This new edition includes new fluoropolymer grades and new examples of the fluoropolymer role in preventing corrosion. New fabrication techniques have been added, and additional emphasis has been placed on adhesion and welding techniques. New sections have been added on inspection of new linings, and in-service inspection - including inspection frequency, acceptance criteria, fitness for service evaluation, and reparability.
Front Cover -- FLUOROPOLYMER APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES -- Series page -- FLUOROPOLYMER APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES: THE DEFINITIVE USERâ#x80;#x99;S GUIDE AND HANDBOOK -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 -- Introduction to Fluoropolymers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What Are Fluoropolymers? -- 1.3 Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers -- 1.4 Developmental History of Fluoropolymers -- 1.5 Applications of Fluoropolymers -- References -- 2 -- Materials of Construction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Historical Background -- 2.3 Definition of Polymer-Based Materials -- 2.4 Comparison Between Polymer-Based Materials and Metals -- 2.4.1 Position of Fluoropolymers in the Materials Spectrum -- 2.5 Applications of Polymer-Based Materials for Corrosion Control -- 2.5.1 Applications of Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control -- References -- 3 -- Properties of Neat (Unfilled) and Filled Fluoropolymers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Influence of Processing on Fluoroplastics -- 3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Fluoropolymers -- 3.3.1 Chemical Compatibility of Perfluoropolymers -- 3.3.1.1 Effect of Ozone on Fluoropolymers -- 3.3.1.2 Oxygen Compatibility of Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 3.3.2 Chemical Compatibility of Partially Fluorinated Fluoropolymers -- 3.3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene -- 3.4 Permeation Fundamentals -- 3.4.1 Permeation Measurement -- 3.5 Environmental Stress Cracking -- 3.5.1 Environmental Stress Cracking of Fluoropolymers -- 3.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene-Filled Compounds -- 3.6.1 Granular-Based Compounds -- 3.6.1.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Selection -- 3.6.1.2 Filled Polytetrafluoroethyleneâ#x80;#x94;Part Fabrication Techniques -- 3.6.2 Fine Powder-Based Compounds -- 3.6.3 Compounding With Engineering Polymers -- 3.6.4 Reinforced Gasketing Material.
3.6.5 Co-coagulated Compounds -- 3.6.6 Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers -- 3.6.6.1 Mechanical Properties -- 3.6.6.2 Thermal Properties -- 3.6.6.3 Electrical Properties -- 3.6.6.4 Permeability and Chemical Properties -- 3.6.7 Properties of Neat (Unfilled) Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 3.6.7.1 Deformation Under Load (Creep) and Cold Flow -- 3.6.7.2 Fatigue Properties -- 3.6.7.3 Impact Strength -- 3.6.7.4 Hardness -- 3.6.7.5 Friction -- 3.6.7.6 PV Limit -- 3.6.7.7 Abrasion and Wear -- 3.6.7.8 Electrical Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 3.6.7.9 Thermal Stability -- 3.6.7.10 Thermal Expansion -- 3.6.7.11 Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity -- 3.6.7.12 Heat Deflection Temperature -- 3.6.7.13 Irradiation Resistance of Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 3.6.8 Standard Measurement Methods for Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 3.7 Properties and Characteristics of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics -- 3.7.1 Mechanical and Dynamic Properties -- 3.7.1.1 Tensile Properties -- 3.7.1.2 Moduli -- 3.7.1.3 Deformation Under Load (Creep) -- 3.7.1.4 Poisson's Ratio -- 3.7.1.5 Flex Fatigue Properties -- 3.7.1.6 Impact Strength -- 3.7.1.7 Hardness -- 3.7.1.8 Friction, Wear, and Abrasion -- 3.7.2 Thermal Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers -- 3.7.2.1 Thermal Stability -- 3.7.2.2 Temperature-Related Properties -- 3.7.2.3 Thermal Aging -- 3.7.3 Weatherability of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics -- 3.7.4 Electrical Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics -- 3.7.4.1 Perfluoroalkoxy Polymers -- 3.7.4.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene -- 3.7.4.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride -- 3.7.4.4 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene -- 3.7.4.5 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene -- 3.7.5 Optical and Spectral Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics -- 3.7.6 Radiation Effect on Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics -- 3.7.7 Flammability of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics.
3.7.8 Biofilm Formation of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics -- References -- Further Reading -- Further Reading -- 4 -- Selecting Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Corrosion of Metals -- 4.1.2 Corrosion of Polymer Materials -- 4.1.3 Approaches to Selection -- 4.2 Economics of Selecting Fluoropolymers -- 4.3 Preparing to Determine Compatibility -- 4.4 Current Technology for Determining Compatibility -- 4.4.1 Experience -- 4.4.2 Manufacturers' Literature -- 4.4.3 Testing -- 4.4.3.1 Coupon Testing -- 4.4.3.2 Simulated Testing -- 4.4.3.2.1 Testing for Linings -- 4.4.3.2.1.1 Evaluation of the Panels of the Atlas Cells -- 4.4.3.2.2 Jacketed Vessels -- 4.4.3.2.3 Testing for Seals and Gaskets -- 4.4.3.3 Special Testing -- 4.4.3.3.1 Permeation Testing -- 4.4.3.3.2 Environmental Stress Cracking -- 4.4.3.3.3 Abrasion Resistance Testing -- 4.4.4 Fabrication Considerations in Materials Selection -- 4.4.4.1 Fabrication Method Limitations and Trade-offs -- 4.4.5 Inspection and Maintenance Aspects of Materials Selection -- References -- 5 -- Manufacturing of Parts From Tetrafluoroethylene Homopolymers -- 5.1 Granular Resin Processing -- 5.1.1 Resin Selection -- 5.1.2 Compression Molding -- 5.1.2.1 Equipment -- 5.1.2.1.1 Mold Design -- 5.1.2.1.2 Presses -- 5.1.2.1.3 Ovens -- 5.1.2.2 Densification and Sintering Mechanism -- 5.1.2.3 Billet Molding -- 5.1.2.3.1 Preforming -- 5.1.2.3.2 Sintering -- 5.1.2.3.3 Cooling -- 5.1.3 Automatic Molding -- 5.1.4 Isostatic Molding -- 5.1.4.1 Introduction to Isostatic Molding -- 5.1.4.2 Comparison of Isostatic With Other Fabrication Techniques -- 5.1.4.3 Wet- and Dry-Bag Isostatic Molding -- 5.1.5 Ram Extrusion -- 5.1.5.1 Introduction to Ram Extrusion -- 5.1.5.2 Ram Extrusion: Basic Technology -- 5.2 Fine Powder Resin Processing -- 5.2.1 Resin Handling and Storage -- 5.2.2 Paste Extrusion Fundamentals.
5.2.3 Extrusion Aid or Lubricant -- 5.2.4 Wire Coating -- 5.2.4.1 Blending the Resin With Lubricant -- 5.2.4.2 Preforming -- 5.2.4.3 Extrusion Equipment and Process -- 5.2.5 Extrusion of Tubing -- 5.2.5.1 Spaghetti Tubing -- 5.2.6 Pressure Hoses -- 5.2.6.1 Blending Lubricant and Pigment and Preforming -- 5.2.6.2 Extrusion Process for Pressure Hoses -- 5.2.6.3 Quality Control of Pressure Hoses -- 5.2.6.3.1 Stretch Void Index -- 5.2.6.3.2 Weep Test -- 5.2.6.3.3 Orientation Index -- 5.2.7 Unsintered Tape -- 5.3 Fluoropolymer Dispersion Processing -- 5.3.1 Dispersion Applications -- 5.3.2 Storage and Handling of Dispersions -- 5.3.3 Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics -- 5.3.3.1 Formulation -- 5.3.4 Glass Cloth Coating by Dispersion -- 5.3.4.1 Equipment -- 5.3.4.2 Processing -- 5.3.5 Dispersion Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide -- 5.3.5.1 Processing -- 5.3.6 Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces With Dispersion -- References -- Further Reading -- Further Reading -- 6 -- Manufacturing Parts From Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials of Construction -- 6.3 Rheology of Fluoropolymer Melts -- 6.3.1 Characterization of Rheology of Fluoropolymers -- 6.4 Thermal Stability of Fluoropolymers -- 6.5 Melt Extrusion -- 6.5.1 The Extruder -- 6.5.2 Film Extrusion -- 6.5.3 Sheet Extrusion -- 6.5.3.1 Production -- 6.5.4 Pipe and Tube Extrusion -- 6.5.4.1 Production -- 6.5.5 Coextrusion -- 6.5.6 Drawdown Ratio -- 6.6 Fluoropolymer Tube Extrusion -- 6.6.1 Sizing of Tubes -- 6.6.1.1 Small Diameter Tubes -- 6.6.1.2 Medium Diameter Tubes -- 6.6.1.3 Large Diameter Tubes -- 6.6.2 Heat Shrink Tubes -- 6.7 Fluoropolymer Film Extrusion -- 6.7.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films -- 6.7.2 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene and Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Films -- 6.7.3 Perfluoropolymer Films -- 6.8 Injection Molding.
6.8.1 Injection Molding of Fluoropolymers -- 6.8.1.1 Injection-Molding Equipment -- 6.8.1.1.1 Plastication Unit Design -- 6.8.1.1.2 Mold Design -- 6.8.1.2 Process Conditions and Operations -- 6.8.1.3 Dimensional Stability of Parts -- 6.9 Rotational Molding -- 6.9.1 Basic Process Technology -- 6.9.2 Rotomolding and Rotolining Processing Conditions -- 6.9.2.1 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene -- 6.9.2.2 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene -- 6.9.2.3 Perfluoroalkoxy Polymer -- 6.9.3 Conclusion -- 6.10 Other Part Manufacturing Techniques -- 6.10.1 Compression Molding of Fluoropolymers -- 6.10.2 Transfer Molding of Fluoropolymers -- 6.10.2.1 Mold Design -- 6.10.2.2 Operation of the Mold -- 6.10.2.3 Transfer Molding Process Variables -- 6.10.3 Examples of Transfer Molded Parts -- 6.10.4 Blow-Molding Fluoropolymers -- 6.11 Vacuum Bagging -- References -- 7 -- Fabrication Techniques of Fluoropolymers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Machining -- 7.2.1 Sawing and Shearing -- 7.2.2 Drilling, Tapping, and Threading -- 7.2.3 Turning and Milling -- 7.2.4 Centerless Grinding -- 7.2.5 Skiving -- 7.2.6 Machining Filled Polytetrafluoroethylene Parts -- 7.3 Adhesive Bonding Methods -- 7.3.1 Contact Adhesives -- 7.3.2 Bonding Adhesives -- 7.4 Welding Techniques -- 7.4.1 Heated Tool (Hot Plate) Welding -- 7.4.2 Hot Gas Welding -- 7.4.2.1 Equipment -- 7.4.3 Induction Welding -- 7.4.4 Spin Welding -- 7.4.5 Ultrasonic Welding -- 7.4.6 Infrared Welding -- 7.4.7 High-Frequency (Radio Frequency) Welding -- 7.4.8 Solvent Welding -- 7.4.9 Vibration Welding -- 7.4.10 Microwave Welding -- 7.4.11 Resistant Welding -- 7.4.12 Extrusion Welding -- 7.4.13 Laser Welding -- 7.4.14 Welding Polytetrafluoroethylene -- 7.4.15 Welding Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene -- 7.4.16 Welding Perfluoroalkoxy -- 7.4.17 Welding Polyvinylidene Fluoride -- 7.4.18 Welding Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom : William Andrew Applied Science Publishers, [2018]