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Engineering of high-performance textiles
Engineering of High-Performance Textiles discusses the fiber-to-fabric engineering of various textile products. Each chapter focuses on practical guidelines and approaches for common issues in textile research and development. The book discusses high-performance fibers and yarns before presenting the engineering fabrics and architectures needed for particular properties required of high-performance textiles. Properties covered include moisture absorption, pilling resistant knitwear, fire retardant fabrics, camouflage fabrics, insect repellent fabrics, filtration, and many more. Coordinated by two highly distinguished editors, this book is a practical resource for all those engaged in textile research, development and production, for both traditional and new-generation textile products, and for academics involved in research into textile science and technology. Offers a range of perspectives on high-performance textiles from an international team of authors with diverse expertise in academic research, textile development and manufactureProvides systematic and comprehensive coverage of the topic from fabric construction, through product development, to the range of current and potential applications that exploit high-performance textile technologyLed by two high-profile editors with many years' experience in engineering high-performance textiles.
Front Cover -- Engineering of High-Performance Textiles -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Part One: Product design -- Chapter 1: Fiber selection and substitution -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.1. Textile fibers -- 1.1.2. Yarn production systems -- 1.2. Fiber fineness -- 1.2.1. Fibers according to fineness -- 1.2.2. Fiber fineness and yarn count limit -- 1.2.3. Wool according to diameter -- 1.3. Fiber length -- 1.3.1. Fiber length measurement -- 1.3.2. Influence on yarn quality -- 1.4. Fiber crimp -- 1.5. Tensile properties -- 1.6. Thermal conductivity -- 1.7. Moisture absorbency -- 1.7.1. Moisture absorption -- 1.7.2. Wicking and drying -- 1.8. Static electricity -- 1.9. Fiber substitution -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: High-performance fibers for textiles -- 2.1. High-strength fibers -- 2.1.1. Introduction -- 2.1.2. Natural high-strength fibers -- 2.1.2.1. Silk fibroin -- 2.1.2.2. Spider silk -- 2.1.3. Synthetic strong fibers -- 2.1.3.1. Inorganic fibers -- Basalt fiber -- Carbon fiber -- 2.1.3.2. Organic fibers -- Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber -- Aramid fiber -- PBO fiber -- PIPD fiber -- 2.1.4. Progress in high-strength fibers -- 2.2. Temperature regulating fibers -- 2.2.1. Introduction -- 2.2.2. Hygroscopic exothermal fibers -- 2.2.3. Heat-retaining hollow fibers -- 2.2.4. Thermal storage of solar energy by fibers -- 2.2.5. Electric (Joule) heating fibers -- 2.2.6. Resistance to temperature change by fibers -- 2.2.7. Cooling fibers -- 2.3. Moisture control fibers -- 2.3.1. Introduction -- 2.3.2. Natural moisture control fibers -- 2.3.2.1. Cellulosic fibers -- 2.3.2.2. Protein fibers -- 2.3.3. Synthetic moisture control fibers -- 2.3.3.1. Modified natural fibers -- 2.3.3.2. Polyester -- 2.3.3.3. Polyester/nylon -- 2.3.3.4. Polyester/ethylene-vinyl alcohol -- 2.3.3.5. Nylon.
2.3.3.6. Polyacrylonitrile -- 2.3.4. Progress in moisture control fibers -- 2.4. Elastic fibers -- 2.4.1. Polyurethane elastic fiber-Elastane -- 2.4.2. Olefin-based elastic fiber-Elastolefin -- 2.4.3. Polyester elastic fiber-Elastomultiester -- 2.4.4. Alkadienes elastic fiber-Elastodiene -- 2.4.5. Polyether-ester elastic fiber (PEET) -- 2.4.6. Hard elastic fibers -- 2.4.7. Summary and future trends of elastic fibers -- 2.5. Radiation shielding fibers -- 2.5.1. Gamma and X-ray shielding -- 2.5.2. Visible and IR lights shielding -- 2.5.3. Microwave radiations shielding -- 2.5.4. Summary and future trends -- 2.6. Flame retardant fibers -- 2.6.1. Introduction -- 2.6.2. Aramids -- 2.6.2.1. Meta-aramid -- 2.6.2.2. Para-aramid -- 2.6.2.3. Para-aramid copolymer -- 2.6.3. Carbon and semicarbon -- 2.6.4. Modacrylic -- 2.6.5. Polyacrylate -- 2.6.6. Chlorofiber -- 2.6.7. Fluorocarbon (polytetrafluorethylene, PTFE) -- 2.6.8. Phenolic -- 2.6.9. Melamine -- 2.6.10. Sulfur-containing poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) -- 2.6.11. Polybenzoxazole (PBO) -- 2.6.12. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) -- 2.6.13. Polypyridobisimidazole (PIPD) -- 2.6.14. Polyimide (PI) -- 2.6.15. Polyamide-imide (PAI) -- 2.6.16. Flame retardant viscose -- 2.6.17. Flame retardant polyester -- 2.6.18. Glass -- 2.6.19. Progress/frontier -- 2.7. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Fiber blending -- 3.1. Purposes of fiber blending or mixing -- 3.2. Methods of blending -- 3.2.1. Fabrics made from two or more types of yarns -- 3.2.2. Union yarns -- 3.2.3. Composite yarns made from staple fibers and continuous filaments -- 3.2.4. Commingling of multifilament yarns -- 3.2.5. Blended spun yarns -- 3.3. Blending effects -- 3.3.1. Strength of blended yarns -- 3.3.2. Electrical percolation in blended yarns -- 3.3.3. Twist requirement of blended yarns -- 3.4. Examples of blended textiles.
3.4.1. Cotton/polyester blends -- 3.4.2. Wool/cotton blends -- 3.4.3. Eliminating wool felting shrinkage -- 3.4.4. Improving wrinkle resistance -- 3.4.5. Elastane yarns -- 3.4.6. Sportwool -- 3.4.7. Differential shrinkage blends -- 3.4.8. Spinning extra-fine-count yarns -- 3.4.9. Melt-bonding fibers -- 3.4.10. Fabric sensor from conductive and nonconductive fiber blends -- 3.4.11. Commingled and blended yarns for thermoplastic composites -- References -- Chapter 4: Fiber-to-yarn predictions -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Fiber quality indices -- 4.3. Theoretical models -- 4.3.1. Models describing the relationship between fiber quality and yarn evenness -- 4.3.2. Models describing the relationship between fiber quality and yarn tenacity -- 4.4. Models used in industry -- 4.5. Databases -- 4.5.1. Considerations in selecting a training set -- 4.5.2. Fiber and yarn results -- 4.5.3. Model selection/considerations in development of prediction models -- 4.5.4. Mill correction factor -- 4.6. Validation of Cottonspec results -- 4.7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Fabric structures: Woven, knitted, or nonwoven -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Woven fabrics -- 5.2.1. Weave structures -- 5.2.1.1. Plain weave -- 5.2.1.2. Twill weave -- 5.2.1.3. Satin weave -- 5.2.2. Woven fabric specifications and fabric geometry -- 5.2.2.1. Physical properties of woven fabrics -- Packing of yarns in fabric -- Fabric cover factors -- Fabric mass -- Fabric thickness -- 5.2.2.2. Mechanical properties of woven fabrics -- 5.2.2.3. Performance properties of woven fabrics -- 5.2.3. Woven fabric production -- 5.3. Knitted fabrics -- 5.3.1. Weft-knitted fabrics -- 5.3.1.1. Weft-knitted fabric structure -- Plain structure -- Rib structure -- Purl structure -- Interlock structure -- 5.3.1.2. Weft-knitted fabric production -- 5.3.1.3. Performance characteristics of weft-knitted fabric.
Stretch and recovery properties -- Pilling and abrasion properties -- Moisture and liquid absorption and transfer properties -- Compression properties -- 5.3.2. Warp-knitted fabrics -- 5.3.2.1. Warp-knitted fabric structure -- 5.3.2.2. Warp-knitted fabric production -- 5.3.2.3. Performance characteristics of warp-knitted fabric -- 5.4. Nonwoven fabrics -- 5.4.1. Nonwoven fabric structures -- 5.4.2. Nonwoven production technologies -- 5.4.2.1. Web-forming techniques -- Drylaid system -- Wetlaid system -- Spunlaid system -- 5.4.2.2. Bonding techniques -- Thermal bonding -- Chemical bonding -- Mechanical bonding -- Needlepunching -- Stitchbonding -- Hydroentanglement -- 5.4.3. Characteristics of nonwoven fabrics -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Woven fabric structures and properties -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Introduction to woven structures -- 6.2.1. Weave design -- 6.2.2. Basic structural elements -- 6.2.3. Influence of structure on fabric properties -- 6.3. Geometrical analysis to woven fabric structures -- 6.3.1. A geometrical model for plain weave -- 6.3.2. Model parameters in describing important structural properties -- 6.3.3. Geometrical model for noncircular yarn cross-sections -- 6.3.4. Modeling different fabric weaves -- 6.4. Influence on fabric properties-By structural modifications -- 6.5. Mechanical properties of woven fabric -- 6.5.1. Tensile behavior -- 6.5.1.1. Fabric parameters affecting tensile behavior -- 6.5.2. Shear behavior -- 6.5.3. Bending behavior -- 6.5.4. Buckling behavior -- 6.6. Influence of 3D woven structures on fabric properties -- References -- Part Two: Performance enhancement -- Chapter 7: Colorfastness -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Factors affecting colorfastness -- 7.2.1. Interaction between a dye and a fiber -- 7.2.2. Pigmented fabrics -- 7.2.2.1. Pigment dyeing.
7.2.3. External influences on colorfastness -- 7.2.3.1. Daylight -- 7.2.3.2. Laundering/wetfastness -- 7.2.3.3. Dry cleaning -- 7.2.3.4. Rub fastness -- 7.2.3.5. Perspiration -- 7.2.3.6. Heat -- 7.2.3.7. Atmospheric pollutants -- 7.3. Colorfastness properties of specific fiber-dye systems -- 7.3.1. Natural fibers -- 7.3.1.1. Cellulosic fibers -- 7.3.1.2. Wool -- 7.3.1.3. Silk -- 7.3.2. Synthetic fibers -- 7.3.2.1. Polyester -- 7.3.2.2. Polyamides -- 7.3.2.3. Acrylic fibers -- 7.3.2.4. Others -- 7.4. Finishes to improve colorfastness -- 7.4.1. Improving washfastness -- 7.4.2. UV protection -- 7.5. Assessment of colorfastness -- 7.5.1. Colorfastness standards and test methods -- 7.5.2. Gray scales -- 7.5.3. Standard test methods -- 7.5.3.1. Lightfastness -- 7.5.3.2. Washfastness -- 7.5.3.3. Crocking and rubbing fastness -- 7.5.3.4. Perspiration fastness -- 7.5.3.5. Chlorinated water -- 7.5.3.6. Fastness to dry cleaning -- 7.5.3.7. Other factors -- 7.6. Future trends -- 7.7. Sources of further information and advice -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8: Easy-care treatments for fabrics and garments -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Definition of easy-care properties and test methods -- 8.3. Development of easy-care finishing technology -- 8.3.1. Formaldehyde-based compounds -- 8.3.2. Formaldehyde-free compounds -- 8.3.2.1. Early products -- 8.3.2.2. Current products -- Polycarboxylic acids -- Citric acid -- Malic acid -- Maleic acid and itaconic acid -- 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid -- Polyamino carboxylic acids (PACAs) -- Ionic cross-linking agents -- Further possibilities of formaldehyde-free easy-care finishing -- 8.3.3. Use of nanotechnology in easy-care finishing -- 8.3.4. Combination of easy-care with other functional finishing -- 8.3.4.1. Easy-care and flame retardancy finishing -- 8.3.4.2. Easy-care and antimicrobial finishing.
[edited by] Menghe Miao and John H. Xin.
Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.
Technical & Manufacturing Industries & Trades