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History of risk assessment in toxicology
History of Risk Assessment in Toxicology guides the reader through the historical narrative of the evolution of risk assessment thinking in human and environmental practices. Risk assessment concepts are used in many different professional practice areas. In the health and environmental practices of risk assessment, the critical issue is often what chemical concentration in air, water, food, or a solid substance is acceptable, or considered not to result in any adverse effect. The book reviews examples from early scientific and health studies to showcase the foundations of risk assessment. The book also explores the development of risk assessment as practiced by major regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to reveal how risk assessment has evolved in the 20th and 21st centuries. Modern technology has created opportunities in silicon in vitro, computational modeling, omics, and big data techniques to assess the toxicity of chemicals, while traditional approaches to risk assessment are being challenged with new and innovative approaches. Finally, current issues being debated and tested in risk assessment are outlined with possible future avenues suggested.
Front Cover; History of Risk Assessment in Toxicology; Copyright Page; Dedication; Contents; List of Contributors; Preface; Series Introduction; 1 Prehistory of Risk Assessment: Origins of Human Tragedies and Concepts of Risk; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Mathematical Development of Risk Concepts; 1.3 Percivall Pott and Chimney Sweepers; 1.4 Industrial Smog and Regulatory Responses; 1.5 The Narrative of the History of Toxicological Risk Assessment; Further Reading; 2 Risk Assessment in the 20th Century Part I: Early Lessons in Food and Drug Safety; Section 2.1 Food Additives and Contaminants.
2.1.1 Introduction2.1.2 Food Additives; 2.1.3 Food Contaminants; 2.1.4 Challenges; References; Section 2.2 Microbial Risk Assessment; References; Section 2.3 Safety Assessment of Food from Biotechnology-Derived Crops; References; 3 History of European and Global Regulation of Risk Assessment; 3.1 Key Developments in the 1960s; 3.2 World Health Organization; 3.3 WHO-IARC; 3.4 WHO-IPCS; 3.5 Dangerous Substance Directive; 3.6 Risk Assessment Under REACH; 3.7 OECD; 3.8 Selected Countries and Regions With Various States of Risk Assessment Frameworks; 3.8.1 Canada.
3.8.1.1 Health Canada and Environment Canada3.9 Asia Pacific; 3.9.1 Australia; 3.9.2 New Zealand; 3.9.3 India; 3.9.4 Indonesia; 3.9.5 China; 3.9.6 Philippines; 3.9.7 Vietnam; 3.9.8 Japan; 3.9.9 Korea; 3.9.10 Latin American Countries; 3.9.11 Brazil; 3.9.12 Uruguay; 3.9.13 Mexico; References; Further Reading; 4 The History of Risk Assessment Within OSHA and ACGIH: Asbestos Case Study; 4.1 The Birth of the Occupational Health and Safety Administration and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health; 4.2 Regulatory Standards Under OSHA, Following the Asbestos Story.
4.3 Ongoing Challenges With OSHA and ACGIH Regulatory LimitsFurther Reading; 5 Risk Assessment in the 21st Century: New Technologies and Techniques; Section 5.1 Big Data: Benefits and Challenges; References; Section 5.2 Evidence-Based Toxicology Versus Weight of Evidence in Influencing Risk Assessment: Design and Approach; References; Back Cover.
History of toxicology and environmental health