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The neuroscience of tinnitus /

Tinnitus - the perception of sound in the ear, in the absence of external sound - affects around 250 million people worldwide. It occurs in adults as well as in children, in war veterans and factory workers, in classical musicians, rockstars, and disc jockeys. Consequently, a history of recreational...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Eggermont, Jos J.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Tinnitus.
Neurosciences.
Tinnitus
Translational Research, Biomedical
Neurosciences
Acouphène.
HEALTH & FITNESS > Hearing & Speech.
MEDICAL > Audiology & Speech Pathology.
Health and Wellbeing.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • 1. What is tinnitus?
  • 1.1. Objective tinnitus
  • 1.2. Subjective tinnitus
  • 1.3. How does tinnitus sound?
  • 1.4. Is tinnitus a form of pain?
  • 1.5. Is tinnitus aberrant spontaneous activity?
  • 1.6. Mechanisms that may be involved in SFR changes
  • 1.7. Summary
  • 2. Epidemiology and etiology
  • 2.1. What is significant tinnitus?
  • 2.2. Tinnitus prevalence across the life span
  • 2.3. Tinnitus in children
  • 2.4. Tinnitus in the elderly
  • 2.5. Body sounds (objective tinnitus)
  • 2.6. Subjective tinnitus of peripheral origin
  • 2.7. Tinnitus of somatic origin
  • 2.8. Genetics of tinnitus
  • 2.9. Vestibular schwannoma and gaze-evoked tinnitus
  • 2.10. Stress and tinnitus
  • 2.11. Tinnitus of unknown etiology
  • 2.12. Summary
  • 3. Listening to tinnitus
  • 3.1. Pitch
  • 3.2. Loudness
  • 3.3. Loudness recruitment
  • 3.4. Hyperacusis
  • 3.5. Masking
  • 3.6. Residual inhibition
  • 3.7. Psychological aspects
  • 3.8. Summary
  • 4. Objective assessment of tinnitus
  • 4.1. Otoacoustic emissions
  • 4.2. Metabolism- and blood-flow-based non-invasive measures of brain function
  • 4.3. Imaging of tinnitus
  • 4.4. Extracranially recorded neuronal activity of auditory cortex
  • 4.5. Summary
  • 5. Do animals have tinnitus?
  • 5.1.Commonly used animal models
  • 5.2. Validity criteria for animal models
  • 5.3. Behavioral animal models of tinnitus
  • 5.4. Summary
  • 6. The salicylate model of tinnitus
  • 6.1. Structural changes caused by salicylate
  • 6.2. Physiological and neural changes
  • 6.3. Molecular changes
  • 6.4. Summary
  • 7. The sensorineural hearing loss model of tinnitus
  • 7.1. Structural changes in the auditory system following noise trauma
  • 7.2. Physiological and neural changes
  • 7.3. Molecular changes
  • 7.4. Summary
  • 8. The somatic tinnitus model
  • 8.1. The trigeminal ganglion and cochlear blood flow
  • 8.2. Somatosensory innervation of the auditory brainstem and midbrain
  • 8.3. Physiological and neural changes
  • 8.4. Summary
  • 9. The neural synchrony model of tinnitus
  • 9.1. What is neural synchrony?
  • 9.2. Measuring neural micro synchrony
  • 9.3. Where do the common inputs to cortical neurons originate?
  • 9.4. Neural synchrony measures depend on firing rates
  • 9.5. Consequences of neural synchrony
  • 9.6. Burst firing: serial firing synchrony
  • 9.7. Increased neural synchrony in animal brains
  • 9.8. Macroscopic synchrony in tinnitus patients
  • 9.9. Role of neural synchrony in tinnitus perception
  • 9.10. Summary
  • 10. Tinnitus and aging
  • 10.1. Causes of aging
  • 10.2. Structural changes
  • 10.3. Electrophysiological changes
  • 10.4. Molecular biology of aging in relation to tinnitus
  • 10.5.Comparison of ARHL with NIHL
  • 11. Hyperactivity and hypersynchrony in neural networks as substrates for tinnitus?
  • 11.1. Summary of bottom-up mechanisms: salicylate, noise trauma, aging
  • 11.2. Top-down aspects of perception
  • 11.3. The resting brain networks
  • 11.4. Imagery, hallucinations, and tinnitus
  • 11.5. Similarities between tinnitus and epilepsy mechanisms
  • 11.6. The limbic system, prefrontal cortex, and tinnitus
  • 11.7. Can hyperacusis and tinnitus both result from an auditory system gain change?
  • 12. Management of tinnitus
  • 12.1. Sound therapy (passive)
  • 12.2. Direct stimulation of auditory cortex and deep brain structures
  • 12.3. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • 12.4. Tinnitus retraining therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy
  • 12.5. Drugs, clinical trials
  • 13. Future directions
  • 13.1. Molecular and cellular mechanisms
  • 13.2. Modeling and theoretical aspects
  • 13.3. Physiological mechanisms
  • 13.4. Psychophysical and functional consequences of tinnitus
  • 13.5. Targeted treatment requires a typology of tinnitus
  • 13.6. Outlook to new treatment options?