Electrochemical Power Sources : Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications: Advanced Industrial Lead-Acid Batteries /
Advanced Industrial Lead-Acid Batteries, the latest release in the Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications series, presents a detailed accounting of reserve and motive power industrial lead-acid batteries, also including recent developments and new applications.
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
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Amsterdam, Netherlands :
Elsevier,
[2025]
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| Edition: | First edition. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications AdvancedIndustrial Lead-Acid Batteries
- Copyright
- Contents
- About the authors
- Series overview
- Foreword
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Operating principle of lead-acid batteries
- Introduction
- Advantages of lead-acid batteries (LABs)
- Shortcomings of LABs
- Environmental features
- Historical background of the lead-acid battery storage
- Evolution of Planté's original pure lead plates until the present
- Literature on the lead-acid history
- Physical and chemical principles
- Electrochemical reactions in the lead-acid cell
- Lead-acid charge-discharge reactions
- Reaction steps for charging the NAM
- Discharge reaction steps for the NAM
- Charge reaction steps for the PAM
- The dissolution of lead sulfate
- Oxidation form lead-dioxide
- Discharge reaction steps for the PAM
- Lead compounds in the lead-acid batteries
- Plates cured to form tribasic or tetrabasic lead sulfate
- Reactions during mixing, curing, and formation of the paste
- XRD phase analysis of the cured paste
- Positive plate formation: Alpha and beta PbO 2
- The electrochemistry of lead in sulfuric acid solutions
- Secondary reactions
- Overpotentials
- Discharge characteristics of lead-acid cells
- The charging of lead-acid cells
- Acid stratification
- Advanced lead-acid battery cell construction
- Bipolar lead-acid batteries
- Lead-acid recombinant batteries
- The oxygen recombination mechanism
- Industrial batteries: An introduction
- Reserve power batteries
- Motive power batteries
- Motive power applications without LABs
- Batteries for special power applications
- Chronological innovations for industrial lead-acid batteries
- References
- Glossary
- Chapter 2 General description: Main cell components
- Vented cell batteries.
- Vented block batteries
- Recombinant industrial lead-acid batteries
- Cells with gelled electrolyte
- Recombinant cells with the electrolyte confined in an absorbent glass mat
- Active mass and electrolyte additives
- Overview of additives for lead-acid batteries
- Additives for the active mass
- Main components of the negative active mass
- Barium sulfate
- Carbon additives for the NAM
- Some disadvantages of high loadings of carbon additives
- Lignin derivatives
- Optional NAM additives
- Positive active mass additives
- Red lead
- Carbon additives in the PAM
- Carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes
- Tetrabasic sulfate seed crystal additives
- Other PAM additives
- Electrolyte additives
- Silicon dioxide (SiO 2)
- Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4)
- Metallic sulfates (Me x SO 4)
- Lead alloys and casting technologies
- Introduction
- Development of lead alloys for LABs
- Lead antimonial alloys
- Historical background
- Characteristics of lead antimonial alloys
- Cracking of antimonial grids
- Alloy components in antimonial alloys
- Arsenic
- Tin
- Selenium
- Copper
- Nonstandard elements
- Silver
- Cadmium
- Classification of antimonial alloys
- High antimonial alloys
- Medium antimony alloys
- Low antimony alloys (Sb)
- Future perspectives for lead-antimony alloys
- Antimony-free alloys
- Historical background
- Characteristics of binary lead-calcium alloys
- Components of antimony-free alloys
- Aluminum
- Lead-calcium-tin alloys
- Pb-Ca-Sn alloys for rolled/wrought grids
- Calcium-free lead-tin alloys
- Lead-tin alloys with selenium
- Silver as component in antimony-free alloys
- Commercial Pb-Ca-Sn grid alloys with silver
- Alternative alloy components for antimony-free alloys
- Barium
- Strontium
- Copper
- Bismuth
- Rare earths
- Rare earths, grain size refinement, and PCL-1.
- Phenomena affecting the performance of lead alloys
- The overaging transformation
- The antimony-free effect
- Conductivity of the corrosion layer and PCL-1
- The tin-free effect and PCL-1
- Morphology of the corrosion layers
- Casting technologies
- Gravity cast
- Die-cast
- Continuous grid casting technologies
- Extruded strips for punched grids
- Separators
- Introduction
- Definitions and transport coefficients
- Separator test procedures
- Test methods for oxidation resistance
- Separator types
- Early separator developments
- Rubber separators
- Poly (vinyl chloride) separators
- Phenolic formaldehyde resin separators
- Separators for gelled electrolyte VRLA cells
- Polyethylene separators
- Thin PE backwebs
- Separator design
- PE separators with integrated glass mat
- Additives for PE separators
- Microglass fiber separators for VRLA cells
- Measurable parameters for recombinant battery separator mats
- The effect of the AGM compression
- New developments
- References
- Glossary (after N. Bagshaw, "Guide to metallurgical structures" 1994 (excerpt))
- Chapter 3 General description, accessories: Catalyst plugs, watering systems, acid level monitoring, battery management systems
- Battery accessories overview
- Accessories for automatic cell maintenance
- External oxyhydrogen recombination: Catalyst plugs
- Catalyst plug designs
- Internal recombination: Microcats
- Watering systems for vented industrial cells
- Mobile watering stations
- Electrolyte level monitoring
- Active electrolyte circulation fittings
- Battery management systems (BMS)
- Battery state definitions and acronyms
- Monitoring and control systems for material handling batteries
- Monitoring and control systems for stationary batteries
- Stationary storage BMS characteristics.
- Cell monitoring with hand-held cell resistance testers
- References
- Chapter 4 Development trends for lead-acid batteries
- Overview of development trends for industrial battery applications
- Introduction
- New requirements for industrial battery applications
- Material-handling applications (forklifts, pallet trucks, off-road electric vehicles)
- Low maintenance
- Longer cycle life including AGM and gel technology batteries
- Increase of the operational time
- High current capability
- Improved charge efficiency
- Fast charge capability in a wide temperature range
- PSoC cyclability
- Reserve power applications (Telecommunication and UPS-Uninterruptible power supply)
- Longer float life at high temperatures
- Higher power density
- Improved cycle life
- Performance in PSoC operation
- Trend to higher volumetric power density
- Trends and new applications for BESS
- Large-scale storage systems powered with lead-acid batteries
- References
- Chapter 4.1 The battery as a system component
- Stationary battery applications
- Battery storage systems for stationary applications
- Commercial energy storage applications
- Overview of commercially available large-scale storage battery technologies
- Lead-acid batteries
- Contemporary examples of large-scale storage with VRLA batteries
- Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries
- Lithium-ion batteries
- High-temperature sodium batteries
- Redox-flow storage
- Characteristic parameters of electrical storage technologies
- References
- Chapter 4.2 Novel cell architectures of lead-acid batteries
- Introduction
- Reducing ohmic resistance
- Grid design optimization
- Lugs at opposite sides of the plate stack
- Reduced electrode distances, thinner grids
- Spiral-wound cells
- Bipolar battery
- General
- Bipolar plate materials
- Lead and its alloys.
- Other metals
- Ceramics
- Carbon
- Plastic matrixes
- Types of bipolar batteries
- Examples of bipolar batteries
- True bipolar batteries
- Effpower
- Atraverda
- BILAPS: Bipolar lead-acid power source
- Gridtential
- Advanced Battery Concepts (ABC)
- Quasibipolar batteries
- Gould National Batteries Incorporated (GNB)
- Edison Termoelettrica
- Bipolar battery overview
- Other grid materials
- Composite grids
- Other metals
- Fiber materials
- Foam materials
- Electrochemical changes
- References
- Chapter 5 Overview of industrial battery applications
- Introduction
- Early battery chargers
- Early lead-acid battery developments
- Evolution of the stationary lead-acid batteries cell components
- Tubular plates
- Lead-calcium alloys
- Separators
- Lead-acid batteries with gel technology
- Batteries for portable devices
- Lead-acid batteries with AGM technology
- Application fields
- Lead-acid batteries for renewable energy storage
- Material handling applications
- Electric power sources for material handling vehicles
- Lead-acid batteries
- Lithium-ion batteries
- Fuel cells
- Historical background
- Fuel cell-powered material handling vehicles
- References
- Chapter 6 Overview of stationary lead-acid batteries
- Introduction
- Classification of stationary batteries according to the supply power duration
- Stationary battery applications
- Electrical circuits for backup power
- Stationary cell design and choice criteria for cell component materials
- The evolution of grid and plate manufacturing technologies
- Stationary lead-acid cell examples
- The Planté cell
- Pure lead grid VRLA-AGM lead-acid batteries
- Industrial lead-acid manufacturing technologies
- Process steps and equipment used for manufacturing stationary LAB batteries
- Continuous grid casting
- Cast-on-straps (COS) technology.