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Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications: Advanced Industrial Lead-Acid Batteries
Advanced Industrial Lead-Acid Batteries, the latest release in the Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications series, presents a detailed accounting of reserve and motive power industrial lead-acid batteries, also including recent developments and new applications.
Intro -- Electrochemical Power Sources: Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications AdvancedIndustrial Lead-Acid Batteries -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the authors -- Series overview -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Operating principle of lead-acid batteries -- Introduction -- Advantages of lead-acid batteries (LABs) -- Shortcomings of LABs -- Environmental features -- Historical background of the lead-acid battery storage -- Evolution of Planté's original pure lead plates until the present -- Literature on the lead-acid history -- Physical and chemical principles -- Electrochemical reactions in the lead-acid cell -- Lead-acid charge-discharge reactions -- Reaction steps for charging the NAM -- Discharge reaction steps for the NAM -- Charge reaction steps for the PAM -- The dissolution of lead sulfate -- Oxidation form lead-dioxide -- Discharge reaction steps for the PAM -- Lead compounds in the lead-acid batteries -- Plates cured to form tribasic or tetrabasic lead sulfate -- Reactions during mixing, curing, and formation of the paste -- XRD phase analysis of the cured paste -- Positive plate formation: Alpha and beta PbO 2 -- The electrochemistry of lead in sulfuric acid solutions -- Secondary reactions -- Overpotentials -- Discharge characteristics of lead-acid cells -- The charging of lead-acid cells -- Acid stratification -- Advanced lead-acid battery cell construction -- Bipolar lead-acid batteries -- Lead-acid recombinant batteries -- The oxygen recombination mechanism -- Industrial batteries: An introduction -- Reserve power batteries -- Motive power batteries -- Motive power applications without LABs -- Batteries for special power applications -- Chronological innovations for industrial lead-acid batteries -- References -- Glossary -- Chapter 2 General description: Main cell components -- Vented cell batteries.
Vented block batteries -- Recombinant industrial lead-acid batteries -- Cells with gelled electrolyte -- Recombinant cells with the electrolyte confined in an absorbent glass mat -- Active mass and electrolyte additives -- Overview of additives for lead-acid batteries -- Additives for the active mass -- Main components of the negative active mass -- Barium sulfate -- Carbon additives for the NAM -- Some disadvantages of high loadings of carbon additives -- Lignin derivatives -- Optional NAM additives -- Positive active mass additives -- Red lead -- Carbon additives in the PAM -- Carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes -- Tetrabasic sulfate seed crystal additives -- Other PAM additives -- Electrolyte additives -- Silicon dioxide (SiO 2) -- Phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4) -- Metallic sulfates (Me x SO 4) -- Lead alloys and casting technologies -- Introduction -- Development of lead alloys for LABs -- Lead antimonial alloys -- Historical background -- Characteristics of lead antimonial alloys -- Cracking of antimonial grids -- Alloy components in antimonial alloys -- Arsenic -- Tin -- Selenium -- Copper -- Nonstandard elements -- Silver -- Cadmium -- Classification of antimonial alloys -- High antimonial alloys -- Medium antimony alloys -- Low antimony alloys (Sb) -- Future perspectives for lead-antimony alloys -- Antimony-free alloys -- Historical background -- Characteristics of binary lead-calcium alloys -- Components of antimony-free alloys -- Aluminum -- Lead-calcium-tin alloys -- Pb-Ca-Sn alloys for rolled/wrought grids -- Calcium-free lead-tin alloys -- Lead-tin alloys with selenium -- Silver as component in antimony-free alloys -- Commercial Pb-Ca-Sn grid alloys with silver -- Alternative alloy components for antimony-free alloys -- Barium -- Strontium -- Copper -- Bismuth -- Rare earths -- Rare earths, grain size refinement, and PCL-1.
Phenomena affecting the performance of lead alloys -- The overaging transformation -- The antimony-free effect -- Conductivity of the corrosion layer and PCL-1 -- The tin-free effect and PCL-1 -- Morphology of the corrosion layers -- Casting technologies -- Gravity cast -- Die-cast -- Continuous grid casting technologies -- Extruded strips for punched grids -- Separators -- Introduction -- Definitions and transport coefficients -- Separator test procedures -- Test methods for oxidation resistance -- Separator types -- Early separator developments -- Rubber separators -- Poly (vinyl chloride) separators -- Phenolic formaldehyde resin separators -- Separators for gelled electrolyte VRLA cells -- Polyethylene separators -- Thin PE backwebs -- Separator design -- PE separators with integrated glass mat -- Additives for PE separators -- Microglass fiber separators for VRLA cells -- Measurable parameters for recombinant battery separator mats -- The effect of the AGM compression -- New developments -- References -- Glossary (after N. Bagshaw, "Guide to metallurgical structures" 1994 (excerpt)) -- Chapter 3 General description, accessories: Catalyst plugs, watering systems, acid level monitoring, battery management systems -- Battery accessories overview -- Accessories for automatic cell maintenance -- External oxyhydrogen recombination: Catalyst plugs -- Catalyst plug designs -- Internal recombination: Microcats -- Watering systems for vented industrial cells -- Mobile watering stations -- Electrolyte level monitoring -- Active electrolyte circulation fittings -- Battery management systems (BMS) -- Battery state definitions and acronyms -- Monitoring and control systems for material handling batteries -- Monitoring and control systems for stationary batteries -- Stationary storage BMS characteristics.
Cell monitoring with hand-held cell resistance testers -- References -- Chapter 4 Development trends for lead-acid batteries -- Overview of development trends for industrial battery applications -- Introduction -- New requirements for industrial battery applications -- Material-handling applications (forklifts, pallet trucks, off-road electric vehicles) -- Low maintenance -- Longer cycle life including AGM and gel technology batteries -- Increase of the operational time -- High current capability -- Improved charge efficiency -- Fast charge capability in a wide temperature range -- PSoC cyclability -- Reserve power applications (Telecommunication and UPS-Uninterruptible power supply) -- Longer float life at high temperatures -- Higher power density -- Improved cycle life -- Performance in PSoC operation -- Trend to higher volumetric power density -- Trends and new applications for BESS -- Large-scale storage systems powered with lead-acid batteries -- References -- Chapter 4.1 The battery as a system component -- Stationary battery applications -- Battery storage systems for stationary applications -- Commercial energy storage applications -- Overview of commercially available large-scale storage battery technologies -- Lead-acid batteries -- Contemporary examples of large-scale storage with VRLA batteries -- Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries -- Lithium-ion batteries -- High-temperature sodium batteries -- Redox-flow storage -- Characteristic parameters of electrical storage technologies -- References -- Chapter 4.2 Novel cell architectures of lead-acid batteries -- Introduction -- Reducing ohmic resistance -- Grid design optimization -- Lugs at opposite sides of the plate stack -- Reduced electrode distances, thinner grids -- Spiral-wound cells -- Bipolar battery -- General -- Bipolar plate materials -- Lead and its alloys.
Other metals -- Ceramics -- Carbon -- Plastic matrixes -- Types of bipolar batteries -- Examples of bipolar batteries -- True bipolar batteries -- Effpower -- Atraverda -- BILAPS: Bipolar lead-acid power source -- Gridtential -- Advanced Battery Concepts (ABC) -- Quasibipolar batteries -- Gould National Batteries Incorporated (GNB) -- Edison Termoelettrica -- Bipolar battery overview -- Other grid materials -- Composite grids -- Other metals -- Fiber materials -- Foam materials -- Electrochemical changes -- References -- Chapter 5 Overview of industrial battery applications -- Introduction -- Early battery chargers -- Early lead-acid battery developments -- Evolution of the stationary lead-acid batteries cell components -- Tubular plates -- Lead-calcium alloys -- Separators -- Lead-acid batteries with gel technology -- Batteries for portable devices -- Lead-acid batteries with AGM technology -- Application fields -- Lead-acid batteries for renewable energy storage -- Material handling applications -- Electric power sources for material handling vehicles -- Lead-acid batteries -- Lithium-ion batteries -- Fuel cells -- Historical background -- Fuel cell-powered material handling vehicles -- References -- Chapter 6 Overview of stationary lead-acid batteries -- Introduction -- Classification of stationary batteries according to the supply power duration -- Stationary battery applications -- Electrical circuits for backup power -- Stationary cell design and choice criteria for cell component materials -- The evolution of grid and plate manufacturing technologies -- Stationary lead-acid cell examples -- The Planté cell -- Pure lead grid VRLA-AGM lead-acid batteries -- Industrial lead-acid manufacturing technologies -- Process steps and equipment used for manufacturing stationary LAB batteries -- Continuous grid casting -- Cast-on-straps (COS) technology.
Includes bibliographical references and index.