Sustainable design through process integration : fundamentals and applications to industrial pollution prevention, resource conservation, and profitability enhancement /

Sustainable Design through Process Integration: Fundamentals and Applications to Industrial Pollution Prevention, Resource Conservation, and Profitability Enhancement, Third Edition provides authoritative, comprehensive, and easy-to-follow coverage of the fundamental concepts and practical technique...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	El-Halwagi, Mahmoud M., 1962- (Author)
Corporate Author:	Knovel (Firm)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2025.
Edition:	Third edition.
Subjects:	Chemical processes. Sustainable engineering. Procédés chimiques. Ingénierie durable. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
Sustainable Design Through Process Integration
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
About the Author
Preface
1 Introduction to Sustainability, Sustainable Design, and Process Integration
1.1 What Is Sustainability?
1.2 What Is Sustainable Design through Process Integration?
1.3 Process Design Phases
1.4 Motivating Examples on the Generation and Integration of Sustainable-Design Alternatives
1.4.1 Motivating Example on Process Improvement and Debottlenecking
1.4.2 Motivating Example on Heat Integration
1.4.3 Motivating Example on Generation and Screening of Chemical Pathways for a New Design
1.5 Structure and Learning Outcomes of the Book
References
2 Overview of Process Economics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cost Types and Estimation
2.2.1 Capital Cost Estimation
2.2.1.1 Manufacturer's Quotation
2.2.1.2 Computer-Aided Tools
2.2.1.3 Capacity Ratio with Exponent
2.2.1.3.1 Updates Using Cost Indices
2.2.1.3.2 Ratio Factors Based on Delivered Equipment Cost
2.2.1.3.3 Empirical Correlations
2.2.1.3.4 Natural/Shale Gas-Conversion Plants
2.2.1.3.5 Biorefineries
2.2.1.3.6 Turnover Ratio
2.2.2 Equipment-Cost Estimation
2.2.2.1 Manufacturer's Quotation
2.2.2.2 Computer-Aided Tools
2.2.2.3 Capacity Ratio with Exponent
2.2.2.4 Updates Using Cost Indices
2.2.2.5 Cost Charts
2.2.3 Operating-Cost or Operating-Expenditure (OPEX) Estimation
2.2.4 Production-Cost Estimation
2.3 Depreciation
2.3.1 Linear Depreciation (Straight-Line Method)
2.3.2 Declining-Balance Method
2.3.3 Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
2.4 Break-Even Analysis
2.5 Time Value of Money
2.5.1 Compound Interest of a Single Payment
2.5.2 Cash Flow Diagram
2.5.3 Annuities
2.6 Profitability Analysis.
2.6.1 Profitability Criteria without the Time-Value of Money
2.6.1.1 Payback Period
2.6.2 Profitability Criteria with the Time-Value of Money
2.6.2.1 Net Present Value (NPV) or Net Present Worth (NPW)
2.6.2.2 Discounted Cash Flow Return on Investment (Internal Rate of Return)
2.6.2.3 Discounted Payback Period
2.6.3 Comparison of Alternatives
2.6.3.1 Net Present Value (Net Present Worth)
2.6.3.2 Annual Cost/Revenue
2.6.3.3 Total Annualized Cost
2.6.3.4 Incremental Return on Investment (IROI)
2.7 Inclusion of Sustainability and Targeting in Profitability Calculations: Sustainability Return on Investment
2.8 Homework Problems
References
3 Mass-Integration Benchmarking of New Designs via Stoichiometric Targeting
3.1 What Is Benchmarking?
3.2 Stoichiometric Targeting
3.3 Stoichiometric-Economic "Stoichio-Nomic" Targeting
3.4 A Shortcut Approach to Using Stoichiometric Targeting for Creating and Screening Initial Designs
3.5 Homework Problems
References
4 Process-Improvement Benchmarking of Existing Designs via Mass-Integration Targeting
4.1 Scope of Process-Improvement Mass-Integration Targeting
4.2 Process-Improvement Mass-Integration Targeting
4.2.1 Targeting for Minimum Waste Discharge
4.2.2 Targeting for Minimum Purchase of Fresh Material Utilities
4.2.3 Targeting for Maximum Product Yield
4.3 Detailing Mass Integration Strategies for Attaining Process-Improvement Targets
4.3.1 Homework Problems
References
5 Direct-Recycle Networks: Graphical and Algebraic Targeting Approaches
5.1 Problem Statement for the Design of Direct-Recycle Networks
5.2 Selection of Sources, Sinks, and Recycle Routes
5.3 Direct-Recycle Targets through Material-Recycle Pinch Diagram
5.4 Design Rules from the Material-Recycle Pinch Diagram.
5.5 Extension to the Case of Impure Fresh
5.6 Insights for Process Modifications
5.7 An Algebraic Approach to Targeting Direct Recycle Networks
5.8 Algebraic Targeting Procedure
5.9 Generating Implementation Designs Using the Source-Sink Mapping Diagram for Matching Sources and Sinks
5.10 Multicomponent Source-Sink Mapping Diagram
5.11 Homework Problems
Nomenclature
Superscripts
Subscripts
Greek Letters
References
6 Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks
6.1 Mass-Exchange Network Synthesis Task
6.2 The Men-Targeting Approach
6.2.1 Minimum Cost of MSAs
6.2.2 Minimum Number of Mass Exchanger Units
6.3 The Corresponding Composition Scales
6.4 The Mass-Exchange Pinch Diagram
6.5 Constructing Pinch Diagrams Without Process MSAs
6.6 An Algebraic Approach to Targeting Mass-Exchange Networks
6.6.1 The Composition-Interval Diagram
6.6.2 Table of Exchangeable Loads
6.6.3 Mass-Exchange Cascade Diagram
6.7 Construction of the Men Configuration with Minimum Number of Exchangers
6.7.1 Feasibility Criteria at the Pinch
6.7.1.1 Stream Population
6.7.2 Operating Line versus Equilibrium Line
6.7.3 Network Synthesis
6.8 Trading Off Fixed Cost versus Operating Cost
6.8.1 Trading off Fixed and Operating Costs by Varying the Mass-Exchange Driving Forces
6.8.2 Trading off Fixed and Operating Costs by Mixing Rich Streams
6.8.3 Trading off Fixed and Operating Costs Using Mass-Load Paths
6.9 PROBLEMS
Symbols
Greek
References
7 Combining Mass-Integration Strategies
7.1 Process Representation from a Mass-Integration Species Perspective
7.2 Homework Problems
References
8 Heat Integration
8.1 Heat-Exchange Network-Synthesis Problem Statement
8.2 Minimum Utility Targets via the Thermal Pinch Diagram.
8.3 Minimum Utility Targets Using the Algebraic Cascade Diagram
8.4 Screening of Multiple Utilities Using the Grand Composite Representation
8.5 Stream Matching and the Synthesis of Heat-Exchange Networks
8.5.1 Stream Population Rules for Matching
8.5.2 Flowrate Specific Heat Rules for Matching
8.6 Homework Problems
Symbols
Greek
References
9 Integration of Combined Heat and Power Systems
9.1 heat Engines
9.2 Steam Turbines and Power Plants
9.3 Placement of Heat Engines and Integration with Thermal Pinch Analysis
9.4 Heat Pumps
9.5 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression Heat Pumps Using a Separate Working Fluid (Refrigerant)
9.5.1 Description and Modeling of a Heat Pump
9.5.2 Dual-Mode Heat Pumps
9.6 vapor-Compression Heat Pumps and Thermal Pinch Diagram
9.7 Open-Cycle Mechanical Vapor Recompression Using a Process Stream as the Working Fluid
9.8 Absorption Refrigeration Cycles
9.9 Cogeneration Targeting
9.10 Additional Readings
9.11 Homework Problems
References
10 Property Integration
10.1 Property-Based Material Recycle Pinch Diagram
10.2 Process Modification Based on Property-Based Pinch Diagram
10.3 Clustering Techniques for Multiple Properties
10.4 Cluster-Based Source-Sink Mapping Diagram for Property-Based Recycle and Interception
10.5 Property-Based Design Rules for Recycle and Interception
10.5.1 Source Prioritization Rule
10.5.2 Lever Arm Source Prioritization Rule
10.6 Dealing with Multiplicity of Cluster-To-Property Mapping
10.7 Relationship between Clusters and Mass Fractions
10.8 Additional Readings
10.9 Homework
Nomenclature
Subscripts
Superscripts
Greek Letters
References
11 Overview of Optimization
11.1 What Is Mathematical Programming?
11.2 How to Formulate an Optimization Model?.
11.3 Using the Software Lingo to Solve Optimization Problems
11.4 Interpreting Dual Prices in the Results of a Lingo Solution
11.5 A Brief Introduction to Sets, Convex Analysis, and Symbols Used in Optimization
11.5.1 Sets
11.5.2 Convex Analysis
11.5.3 Symbols Used in Optimization Formulations
11.6 the Use of 0-1 Binary-Integer Variables
11.7 Enumerating Multiple Solutions Using Integer Cuts
11.8 Modeling Disjunctions and Discontinuous Functions with Binary Integer Variables
11.8.1 Discontinuous Functions
11.8.2 Big-M Reformulation
11.8.3 Convex-Hull Reformulation
11.9 Using Set Formulations in LINGO
11.9.1 Summation
11.9.2 Defining Sets
11.9.3 Entering Data
11.9.4 The @FOR Command
11.9.5 Dealing with Double Summations
11.9.6 Entering Two-Dimensional Data
11.9.7 Using @FOR in the Case of Repeating Constraints with Two-Dimensional Variables
11.9.8 Adding Logical Operators
11.10 Homework Problems
References
12 An Optimization Approach to Direct Recycle
12.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
12.2 Problem Representation
12.3 Optimization Formulation
12.4 Additional Readings
12.5 Homework Problems
References
13 Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: A Mathematical Programming Approach
13.1 Generalization of the Composition Interval Diagram
13.2 Problem Formulation
13.3 Optimization of Outlet Compositions
13.4 Stream Matching and Network Synthesis
13.4 Problems
Symbols
References
14 Synthesis of Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks
14.1 Objectives of REAMEN Synthesis
14.2 Corresponding Composition Scales for Reactive Mass Exchange
14.3 Synthesis Approach
14.4 Homework Problems
Symbols
Greek Letters
Special Symbol
References
15 Mathematical Optimization Techniques for Mass Integration
15.1 Problem Statement and Challenges.