http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Focuses on the application and machine technology of co-rotating twin-screw extrusion. The book includes functional zones in the extruder, scale-up and scale-down, machine technology, and many application examples from a broad range of areas.
Intro -- Preface -- The Authors -- The Editor -- The Coauthors -- Contents -- 1 Functional Zones in the Extruder -- 1.1 Transport of Solids into and in the Extruder, Feed Limits -- 1.1.1 Characteristic Values and Calculation Possibilities -- 1.1.2 Feed Limitations -- 1.1.2.1 Granulates -- 1.1.2.2 Powder -- 1.1.2.3 Flakes -- 1.1.2.4 Low-Melting Components -- 1.2 Melting of Thermoplastics -- 1.2.1 Tasks of the Melting Zone -- 1.2.2 Screw Elements and Screw Configuration -- 1.2.3 Measuring Techniques -- 1.2.4 Essential Steps of Melting -- 1.2.5 Calculation Models -- 1.3 Mixing and Dispersion -- 1.3.1 Overview, Principles, and Experiments -- 1.3.1.1 Distributive Mixing - Mixing in Laminar Flow -- 1.3.1.2 Dispersive Mixing -- 1.3.1.3 Determining the Mixing Quality -- 1.3.1.4 Symbols Used in Section 1.3.1 -- 1.3.2 Three-Dimensional Calculations of Mixing and Residence Time Behavior -- 1.3.2.1 Summary -- 1.4 Devolatilization of Polymer Melts -- 1.4.1 Phase Interfaces and Surface Renewal -- 1.4.1.1 Liquid Distribution and Degree of Filling -- 1.4.1.2 Devolatilization Times -- 1.4.2 Concentration in the Devolatilization Zone -- 1.4.2.1 Influence of Dimensionless Groups -- 1.4.2.2 Bubble-Free Liquids -- 1.4.2.3 Influence of Surface Expansion by Bubbles -- 1.4.3 Design of the Devolatilization Zone -- 1.4.4 Numerical Simulation of Film Degassing -- 2 Scale-up and Scale-down -- 2.1 Introduction and Basis Rules for Thermally Sensitive Products -- 2.1.1 Dissimilarity -- 2.1.2 Comparison of Production Machines -- 2.1.3 Scale-down and Ways of Design -- 2.1.3.1 Product Temperature -- 2.1.3.1.1 Product Cooling via the Housing Wall -- 2.1.3.1.2 Temperature Change by a Pressure Difference -- 2.1.3.1.3 Temperature Increase by Power Input -- 2.1.3.1.4 Thermal Product Degradation -- 2.1.3.1.5 Temperature Increase and Internal Friction.
2.1.3.1.6 Relevance of the Shear Rate -- 2.1.3.1.7 Basis Rules for Scale-up/down -- 2.1.3.1.8 Basis Equations for the Examples -- 2.1.4 Summary/Prospects -- 2.2 Scale-up and Scale-down by Model Laws -- 2.2.1 Basic Problem -- 2.2.2 Simple Scaling Approach -- 2.2.3 Model-Based Scaling Approach -- 2.2.3.1 Model Theory -- 2.2.3.2 Model Exponents -- 2.2.3.2.1 Lengths Exponent -- 2.2.3.2.2 Screw Speed Exponent -- 2.2.3.2.3 Channel Depths Exponent -- 2.2.3.2.4 Pitch Exponent -- 2.2.3.2.5 Relationship between Channel Depths Exponent, Selected Boundary Condition, and Resulting Throughput -- 2.2.3.3 Heat Flows via the Barrel -- 2.2.4 Experimental Results -- 2.3 Scale-up and Scale-down with Characteristic Numbers -- 2.3.1 Characteristic Numbers of the Whole Machine -- 2.3.1.1 Dimensionless Throughput -- 2.3.1.2 Specific Energy Input -- 2.3.2 Geometric Scale Transfer -- 2.3.2.1 Geometrically Similar Machines -- 2.3.2.2 Extruder Speed and Torque -- 2.3.2.3 Scale Transfer with Different Geometries -- 2.3.2.3.1 Partially Filled Zones -- 2.3.2.3.2 Pressure Buildup -- 2.3.2.4 Dimensional Analysis for Real Product Behavior -- 2.3.2.4.1 Influence of Non-Newtonian Behavior of the Liquid -- 2.3.2.4.2 Temperature Distribution in the Fluid -- 2.3.2.4.3 Influence of Varying Temperature on Viscosity -- 2.3.2.5 Simple Example of a Scale-up -- 3 Machine Technology -- 3.1 ZSK Series and Applications -- 3.1.1 Development up to High Torques, Volumes, and Rotations -- 3.1.2 Torque- and Volume-Limited Throughputs -- 3.1.3 Examples of Applications for the Plastics Industry -- 3.1.3.1 High Torque for Glass Fiber Reinforcement of Plastics -- 3.1.3.2 High Torque for Film Extrusion of Non-Dried PET or PLA -- 3.1.3.3 High Torque with Previously Volume-Limited Applications -- 3.1.3.4 Processing of Temperature- and Shear-Sensitive Products.
3.1.3.4.1 Compounding and Pelletizing of PVC-P and PVC-U -- 3.1.3.4.2 Compounding of Thermoplastic Elastomers -- 3.1.4 Examples of Applications for the Chemical Industry -- 3.1.4.1 Adhesive and Sealing Materials -- 3.1.4.1.1 Continuous Manufacture of Adhesive Materials -- 3.1.4.1.2 Continuous Manufacture of Sealing Materials -- 3.1.4.2 Chemical Reactions in Twin-Screw Extruders -- 3.1.4.2.1 Manufacture of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) -- 3.1.4.2.2 Peroxidic Degradation of Polypropylenes -- 3.2 Barrel Units -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Design Types -- 3.2.2.1 Tie Rod Version for ZSK 18 -- 54 -- 3.2.2.2 Flange Version for ZSK 58 -- 320 -- 3.2.2.3 Clamp Version for ZSK 350 -- 420 -- 3.2.3 Variants -- 3.2.3.1 Closed Screw Barrel -- 3.2.3.2 Closed Screw Barrel with Bore -- 3.2.3.3 Open Screw Barrel -- 3.2.3.4 Combination Screw Barrel -- 3.2.3.5 Special Forms -- 3.2.4 Wear/Corrosion Protection -- 3.2.4.1 Solid Barrels: Nitrided or Through-Hardened -- 3.2.4.2 Barrel with Liner (Oval Bushing) -- 3.2.4.3 Directly Coated Screw Barrels -- 3.2.5 Heating of Screw Barrels -- 3.2.5.1 Heating Cartridges -- 3.2.5.2 Heater Shells, Heater Plates -- 3.2.6 Cooling and Tempering -- 3.2.6.1 One Cycle -- 3.2.6.2 Two Cycles -- 3.3 Increasing the Twin-Screw Extruder's Availability Using Targeted Material Selection for Components that Come into Contact with Product -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Wear Phenomena in Twin-Screw Extruders in Practice -- 3.3.2.1 Abrasive Wear -- 3.3.2.2 Adhesive Wear -- 3.3.2.3 Corrosion -- 3.3.3 Measurement and Assessment of Wear Parameters -- 3.3.3.1 Measuring Resistance to Abrasive Wear -- 3.3.3.2 Measurement of Adhesive Wear -- 3.3.3.3 Measuring Corrosion -- 3.3.4 Design Forms and Materials for Extruder Housings and Screw Elements -- 3.3.4.1 Housing Design Forms -- 3.3.4.2 Screw Element Design Forms.
3.3.4.3 Material Design of Extruder Housings and Liners -- 3.3.4.4 Material Design of Screw Set Elements -- 3.3.5 Outlook -- 3.4 Dynamic Structural Analysis of Twin-Screw Extruders and Single-Screw Discharge Extruders -- 3.4.1 Structural Model Description -- 3.4.2 Vibration Analysis on a ZSK -- 3.4.3 Optimizing Single-Shaft Extruders -- 3.4.4 Structural Vibration Engineering Design -- 3.4.5 Summary -- 3.5 Measurement Technology and Process-Integrated Quality Assurance -- 3.5.1 Metrological Basics -- 3.5.2 Measuring Pressure and Temperature -- 3.5.2.1 Temperature -- 3.5.2.2 Pressure -- 3.5.3 Rheological Measurement Technology -- 3.5.3.1 Laboratory Rheometers -- 3.5.3.2 Process Rheometers -- 3.5.4 Color Measurement -- 3.5.5 Customized Systems -- 3.5.5.1 Ultrasonic Measurement Technology -- 3.5.5.2 Model Predictive Control and Virtual Sensors -- 4 Applications of Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders -- 4.1 Compounding in Practice -- 4.1.1 Throughput Limitation -- 4.1.1.1 Torque Limitation -- 4.1.1.2 Volume Limitation -- 4.1.1.3 Further Limitations -- 4.1.1.4 Limitation by Peripherals -- 4.1.2 Premixing -- 4.1.3 Melt Degassing -- 4.1.3.1 Influencing Factors -- 4.1.3.2 Technical Design -- 4.1.4 Strand Die Head -- 4.1.5 Process Control -- 4.1.5.1 Process Monitoring -- 4.1.5.2 Caution, Trap! -- 4.1.6 Extruder Screws -- 4.1.6.1 Screw Design -- 4.1.6.2 Wear -- 4.1.7 Scale-up -- 4.1.7.1 The Ideal Case -- 4.1.7.2 Reality -- 4.1.7.3 Special Features of New Developments -- 4.1.7.4 Conclusion -- 4.1.8 Simulation -- 4.2 Color Masterbatches -- 4.2.1 Basic Process Idea -- 4.2.2 Materials -- 4.2.2.1 Pigments -- 4.2.2.1.1 Color Index and Particle Sizes: Pigments at First Glance -- 4.2.2.1.2 Qualitative Description of the Dispersion Quality in a Masterbatch -- 4.2.2.1.3 Dispersion Properties of Organic Pigments.
4.2.2.1.4 Correlation between Dispersion Properties and Process Parameters -- 4.2.2.2 Complex Tasks -- 4.2.2.2.1 Effect Pigments -- 4.2.2.2.2 Organic Pigments with Different Dispersion Characteristics -- 4.2.2.3 Selection of the Polymer -- 4.2.2.4 Additives and Dispersing Agents -- 4.2.3 Mixing -- 4.2.3.1 Gravity Mixer -- 4.2.3.2 Low-Speed Stationary or Mobile (Container) Mixer -- 4.2.3.3 High-Speed Stationary or Mobile (Container) Mixer -- 4.2.3.4 Application Example: Production of Blends for Masterbatch in the Hot Process for Staple Fiber and Film Quality -- 4.2.4 Dosing -- 4.2.5 Extruder -- 4.2.5.1 Premix -- 4.2.5.2 Split-Feed -- 4.2.5.3 Downstream Units -- 4.2.5.4 Process Parameters -- 4.2.6 Quality Determination -- 4.2.6.1 Color Measurement -- 4.2.6.2 Filter Pressure Test -- 4.2.6.3 Agglomerates and Gel Particles -- 4.3 Preparation of TPV by Dynamic Vulcanization on Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders -- 4.3.1 Classification of TPE -- 4.3.2 Preparation of TPV Based on EPDM/PP -- 4.3.2.1 Basic Raw Materials for TPV (EPDM/PP) -- 4.3.2.2 Curing Agents -- 4.3.2.3 Manufacturing Process for TPV (EPDM/PP) -- 4.3.2.4 The Challenge of Dwell Time -- 4.3.2.5 Properties of TPV (EPDM/PP) -- 4.3.3 TPV Based on Renewable Raw Materials ("Bio-TPV") -- 4.3.3.1 Basic Raw Materials for Bio-TPV -- 4.3.3.2 Production Process for Bio-TPV -- 4.3.3.3 Properties of Bio-TPV -- 4.4 Devolatilization of Polymer Melts Using Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extruders -- 4.4.1 Devolatilization Tasks -- 4.4.2 Design of Devolatilizing Extruders -- 4.4.2.1 Material Feeding and Flash Devolatilization -- 4.4.2.2 Staggered Vacuums -- 4.4.2.3 Fill Level -- 4.4.2.4 Residual Devolatilization and Use of Stripping Agents -- 4.4.2.5 Design of Extruder and Devolatilization Sections -- 4.4.3 Scale-up of Devolatilization Extruders -- 4.4.4 Process Examples.