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Polymers for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications : Fundamentals, Selection, and Preparation /

Polymers for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: Fundamentals, Selection, and Preparation supports the successful selection, design, and development of polymers with the required properties and performance for a range of advanced pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.The book begins by...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: Knovel (Firm)
Other Authors: Patravale, Vandana (Editor), Disouza, John I. (Editor), Shahiwala, Aliasgar (Editor)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, [2024]
Edition:First edition.
Subjects:
Polymeric drug delivery systems.
Polymers in medicine.
Médicaments polymères > Administration > Dispositifs.
Polymères en médecine.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Polymers for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: Fundamentals, Selection, and Preparation
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Chapter 1: Pharmaceutical and biomedical polymers: Basics, modifications, and applications
  • 1.1. Introduction
  • 1.2. Advantages of polymers
  • 1.3. Classification of polymers
  • 1.4. Chemistry, properties, and applications of pharmaceutical and biomedical polymers
  • 1.4.1. Natural and semi-synthetic polymers
  • 1.4.1.1. Natural polymers
  • Natural polysaccharides
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
  • Lignin
  • Cyclodextrins (CDs)
  • Chitosan (CS)
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Alginic acid
  • Pectin
  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Natural gums
  • Natural polypeptides
  • 1.4.1.2. Semi-synthetic polymers
  • 1.4.2. Synthetic polymers
  • 1.4.2.1. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and derivatives
  • 1.4.2.2. Acrylic acid polymers and copolymers
  • Carbomer (polyacrylic acid
  • PAA)
  • Poly(meth)acrylates
  • Cationic polymers
  • Anionic polymers
  • Non-pH-sensitive polymers
  • 1.4.2.3. Vinyl polymers and copolymers
  • Ethyl vinyl acetate
  • Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
  • Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and copolymers
  • 1.4.2.4. Silicone
  • 1.4.2.5. Polyurethanes
  • 1.4.2.6. PAMAM dendrimers
  • 1.4.2.7. Polyanhydrides
  • Aromatic polyanhydrides
  • Aliphatic polyanhydrides
  • Aromatic alaphatic copolyanhydrides
  • Cross-linked polyanhydrides
  • Polyanhydride esters
  • Fatty acid polyanhydrides
  • 1.4.2.8. Polyesters
  • Polycaprolactones
  • Polylactide, polyglycolides, and polylactide-co-glycolides
  • 1.5. Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Polymer synthesis and modification
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Methods of polymer synthesis
  • 2.2.1. Free radical chain polymerization
  • 2.2.2. Emulsion polymerization
  • 2.2.2.1. Stage I
  • 2.2.2.2. Stage II
  • 2.2.2.3. Stage III.
  • 2.2.3. Ionic and coordination polymerization
  • 2.2.3.1. Cationic polymerization
  • 2.2.3.2. Anionic polymerization
  • 2.2.3.3. Coordination polymerization
  • 2.2.4. Copolymerization
  • 2.2.5. Ring-opening polymerization
  • 2.2.6. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization
  • 2.2.7. Cyclopolymerization
  • 2.2.8. Polyaddition
  • 2.2.9. Condensation polymerization or step-growth polymerization
  • 2.2.10. Insertion polymerization
  • 2.3. Polymer simulation and artificial intelligence in polymer synthesis
  • 2.4. Conclusions
  • References
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 3: Characterization of polymers
  • 3.1. Introduction to essential characteristics of the polymers to be revealed
  • 3.2. Solid-state characterization of polymers
  • 3.2.1. Determination of the molecular and conformational structure
  • 3.2.2. Molecular weight determination
  • 3.2.3. Mole fraction and weight fraction distributions
  • 3.2.4. Crystalline, semi-crystalline, and amorphous states of polymers
  • 3.2.5. Solubility
  • 3.2.6. Glass transition temperature, softening point, melting range, and crystallite melting point
  • 3.2.7. Morphology, surface roughness, and hardness of the polymer
  • 3.3. Solution phase characterization
  • 3.3.1. Rheology
  • 3.3.2. Viscosity
  • 3.3.3. Laser light scattering
  • 3.4. Interpenetrating polymer network
  • 3.5. Biological characterization of polymers
  • 3.5.1. Biodegradation
  • 3.5.1.1. Microbial and enzymatic biodegradation
  • 3.5.1.2. Soil burial degradation
  • 3.5.1.3. Activated sludge degradation
  • 3.5.2. Biocompatibility
  • 3.5.3. Cytotoxicity
  • 3.5.4. Immunogenicity
  • 3.5.5. Genotoxicity
  • 3.5.6. Hemocompatibility
  • 3.6. Polymer-based biomaterial interaction with cells: In vitro characterization
  • 3.6.1. Cell adhesion and morphology
  • 3.6.2. Viability assay
  • 3.7. Other methods in the characterization of polymers.
  • 3.7.1. Optical characterization of polymers
  • 3.8. Summary and future perspectives
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Polymer dissolution
  • 4.1. Introduction to polymer dissolution and its importance
  • 4.2. Mechanism of polymer dissolution
  • 4.3. Factors affecting polymer dissolution
  • 4.3.1. Molecular weight and polydispersity
  • 4.3.2. Polymer structure, composition, and conformation (branching, cross-linking)
  • 4.3.3. Polarity and crystallinity
  • 4.3.4. Nature of solvent, solvent mixture, and additives
  • 4.3.5. Environmental conditions and processing conditions (temperature, stirring, or agitation)
  • 4.4. Polymer solubility and solubility parameters
  • 4.4.1. Molecular weight and polydispersity
  • 4.4.2. Thermodynamics of polymer solution
  • 4.4.3. Solubility parameters: Theory and application
  • 4.4.4. Hildebrand solubility parameter
  • 4.4.5. Hansen solubility parameter (HSP)
  • 4.5. Polymer dissolution models
  • 4.5.1. Phenomenological models with Fickian equations
  • 4.5.2. External mass transfer-control-based models
  • 4.5.2.1. External mass transfer model I
  • 4.5.2.2. External mass transfer model II
  • 4.5.3. Stress relaxation-based models
  • 4.5.3.1. Kinetics of dissolution
  • 4.5.3.2. The reptation model
  • 4.5.4. Anomalous transport models and scaling law-based approaches
  • 4.5.4.1. Scaling approach
  • 4.5.4.2. The dissolution clock approach
  • 4.5.4.3. The single-phase model
  • 4.5.5. Molecular theories in a continuum framework
  • 4.5.5.1. Dissolution of a rubbery polymer
  • 4.5.5.2. Dissolution of a glassy polymer
  • 4.6. Techniques to study polymer dissolution
  • 4.6.1. Laser interferometry
  • 4.6.2. Differential refractometry
  • 4.6.3. Optical microscopy
  • 4.6.4. Gravimetry
  • 4.6.5. Ellipsometry
  • 4.6.6. Magnetic resonance imaging and image analysis
  • 4.6.7. NMR and spin echo NMR
  • 4.6.8. Steady-state fluorescence.
  • 4.6.9. FTIR imaging
  • 4.6.10. Microviscometry
  • 4.7. Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Pharmaceutical polymers in conventional dosage forms
  • 5.1. Solid oral dosage forms
  • 5.1.1. Tablets
  • 5.1.1.1. Binders
  • 5.1.1.2. Diluents
  • 5.1.1.3. Disintegrants
  • 5.1.2. Capsules
  • 5.2. Solutions and liquid disperse systems
  • 5.3. Semisolids
  • 5.3.1. Introduction
  • 5.3.2. Ointments and creams
  • 5.3.3. Gels
  • 5.4. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS)
  • 5.4.1. Introduction
  • 5.4.2. Polymers used
  • 5.4.2.1. Matrix formers
  • 5.4.2.2. Rate-controlling membrane
  • 5.4.2.3. Pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA)
  • 5.4.2.4. Backing layer/membranes
  • 5.4.2.5. Release liner
  • 5.5. Parenterals
  • 5.5.1. Desired properties of polymers for parenteral drug delivery
  • 5.5.2. Polymers for parenteral drug delivery
  • 5.5.2.1. Non-biocompatible polymers
  • 5.5.2.2. Biodegradable polymers
  • 5.5.2.3. Natural polymers
  • 5.6. Ophthalmics
  • 5.6.1. Role of polymers in ophthalmic delivery
  • 5.6.2. Polymers for ophthalmic delivery
  • 5.6.2.1. Synthetic polymers
  • 5.6.2.2. Biopolymers
  • 5.7. Other dosage forms including nasal, buccal, rectal, and vaginal dosage forms
  • 5.7.1. Introduction
  • 5.7.2. Polymers in nasal drug delivery
  • 5.7.3. Polymers in buccal drug delivery
  • 5.7.4. Polymers in rectal drug delivery
  • 5.7.5. Polymers in vaginal drug delivery
  • 5.8. Polymers in cosmetic formulations
  • 5.8.1. Introduction
  • 5.8.2. Functional polymers applied in cosmetic products
  • 5.8.2.1. Natural polymers
  • 5.8.2.2. Semi-synthetic polymers
  • 5.8.2.3. Synthetic polymers
  • 5.8.3. Factors affecting choice of polymers for cosmetics
  • 5.8.4. Limitations of polymers in cosmetic formulations
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Pharmaceutical polymers for modified drug delivery and controlled release
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Mechanisms of modified release.
  • 6.3. Polymers for oral, modified drug release systems
  • 6.3.1. Matrix-based systems for sustained drug release
  • 6.3.1.1. Diffusion controlled release using swellable polymers
  • 6.3.1.2. Diffusion controlled release using hydrophobic polymers
  • 6.3.1.3. Erosion/dissolution controlled release
  • 6.3.2. Enteric-coated tablets, granules, and capsules
  • 6.3.3. Polymers for colon-specific oral delivery systems
  • 6.3.3.1. Enzyme-triggered release polymers
  • 6.3.3.2. pH-dependent release polymers
  • 6.3.4. Polymers for gastro-retentive systems
  • 6.3.4.1. Low-density porous floating systems for GRDDS
  • 6.3.4.2. Swellable polymeric systems for GRDDS
  • 6.3.4.3. Mucoadhesive polymeric systems for GRDDS
  • 6.4. Mucoadhesive polymers for modified drug delivery
  • 6.4.1. Properties of mucoadhesive polymers for modified drug delivery
  • 6.4.2. Classification, mechanism, and list of mucoadhesive polymers
  • 6.5. In situ gelling and depot/implant forming systems for controlled drug delivery
  • 6.5.1. In situ gelling for nose-to-brain delivery
  • 6.5.1.1. Thermoresponsive in situ gelling polymers for intranasal delivery
  • 6.5.1.2. pH-responsive in situ gelling polymers for intranasal delivery
  • 6.5.1.3. Ion-sensitive in situ gelling polymers for intranasal delivery
  • 6.5.2. In situ gelling for ocular delivery
  • 6.5.2.1. Thermoresponsive in situ gelling polymers for ocular delivery
  • 6.5.2.2. pH-responsive in situ gelling polymers for ocular delivery
  • 6.5.2.3. Ion sensitive in situ gelling polymers for ocular delivery
  • 6.5.3. In situ gelling and depot/implant forming injectable polymers
  • 6.5.3.1. In situ gelling injectable polymers
  • 6.5.3.2. In situ cross-linking systems
  • 6.5.3.3. In situ organogels
  • 6.5.3.4. In situ phase separation systems
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Polymer conjugates
  • 7.1. Polymer therapeutics.