http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Both deregulation in the electrical supply industry and the creation of new electricity markets present electric utility companies with the challenge of becoming more efficient without compromising quality of service. Providing new solutions for this newly deregulated paradigm, Power Quality: VAR Compensation in Power Systems presents comprehensive coverage of power quality, harmonics, and static var compensators in one single volume. The book explains how to ensure that power quality is not affected by the harmonics generated by power electronic equipment and explains how to reduce labor costs and increase reliability of supply by employing a single pole autoreclosing scheme. It also addresses how to analyze frequency response of current transformers and voltage transformers while measuring harmonics. Based on the authors' extensive experience in the electric supply industry, Power Quality enables engineers to meet the demands of increased loads, strengthen their transmission systems, and ensure reliable electric supply.
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Power Quality -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Importance of Power Quality -- 1.3 Common Disturbances in Power Systems -- 1.4 Short-Duration Voltage Variation -- 1.5 Long-Duration Voltage Variations -- 1.6 Transients -- 1.6.1 Impulsive Transients -- 1.6.2 Oscillatory Transients -- 1.6.3 Voltage Imbalance -- 1.7 Harmonics -- 1.8 Interharmonics -- 1.9 DC Offset -- 1.10 Notching -- 1.11 Noise -- 1.12 Voltage Fluctuations -- 1.13 Power Frequency Variations -- 1.14 Solutions to Power Quality Problems -- 1.15 Ambiguous Terms -- 1.16 CBEMA and ITI Curves -- 1.17 Features of Voltages in Power Systems -- 1.18 Grounding -- 1.18.1 Ground Electrodes -- 1.18.1.1 Ground Rods, Ground Rings, Plates -- 1.18.1.2 Signal Reference Ground (SRG) -- 1.18.2 Single-Point and Multipoint Grounding -- 1.18.3 Ground Loops -- 1.18.4 Isolated Ground -- 1.18.5 Electrochemical Reactions Due to Ground Grids -- 1.19 Reactive Power in Power Systems with Harmonic Distortion -- 1.19.1 Single-Phase Systems -- 1.20 Reliability -- 1.21 Power Quality Data Collection -- 1.22 Summary -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 2 Static Var Compensators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Increase in Transient Stability Margin -- 2.1.2 Damping of Power Oscillations -- 2.1.3 Voltage Support -- 2.2 Static Var Compensator Systems Versus Synchronous Condensers, Capacitors, and Reactors -- 2.3 Shunt and Series Compensation -- 2.4 Fundamentals of Load Compensation -- 2.5 Reactive Power Relationships Between Wye- and Delta-Connected Systems -- 2.6 Static Var Compensators for Transmission Systems -- 2.6.1 SVC Using a TCR and an FC -- 2.6.2 SVC Using a TCR and TSC -- 2.6.3 STATCOM (SVC Using Self-Commutated Inverters) -- 2.6.4 SVC Using a Saturated Reactor (SR) -- 2.6.5 Comparison of Static Var Systems.
2.6.6 Specification of SVCs -- 2.7 A Case Study (Australia): Central Queensland Railway Project -- 2.7.1 Limits for Voltage Unbalance -- 2.7.2 Three-Phase Power Flow Studies -- 2.8 Chester-Maine SVC Project -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Control of Static Var Compensators -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Control Systems for SVCs in Transmission System Applications -- 3.2.1 Voltage Regulation -- 3.2.2 Gain Supervision -- 3.2.3 Reactive Power Control and Coordination -- 3.2.4 Control Signals for System Transient Stability, Power Oscillation Damping, and Subsynchronous Resonance Damping Enhancement -- 3.3 Control Systems for SVCs in Traction Applications -- 3.3.1 Load Compensation -- 3.3.2 Voltage Regulation and Balancing -- 3.3.3 Measurement of Sequence Components -- 3.4 Phase-Locked Oscillator Control System -- 3.5 Implementation Details of a Programmable High-Speed Controller -- 3.5.1 Priority Logic -- 3.5.2 Detection of Faults -- 3.5.3 Program Sequence -- 3.5.4 Special Features of the Programmable High-Speed Controller -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Harmonics -- 4.1 Converter Harmonics -- 4.1.1 Effect of Transformer Connections -- 4.1.2 Harmonics When There Is Overlap in the Commutation Process -- 4.1.3 Direct-Voltage Harmonics -- 4.1.4 Imperfect System Conditions -- 4.2 Single-Phase Power Supplies -- 4.3 DC Drives -- 4.4 AC Drives -- 4.5 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) -- 4.6 Telecontrol Signals -- 4.7 Cycloconverters -- 4.8 Transformers -- 4.8.1 Harmonics in No-Load Exciting Current -- 4.8.2 Harmonics due to Inrush Current -- 4.8.3 DC Magnetization -- 4.9 Harmonics in Rotating Machines -- 4.10 Harmonics in Arc Furnace Loads -- 4.11 Harmonics in a Thyristor-Controlled Reactor -- 4.12 The K-Factor -- 4.13 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Utility Harmonic Regulations and Standards -- 5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Undesirable Effects of the Harmonics -- 5.3 Specification of the Harmonic Limits -- 5.4 Philosophical Differences between IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 61000-Series Standards -- 5.5 IEEE 519-1992 -- 5.6 IEC 61000-Series Standards -- 5.6.1 Assessment Procedure (Harmonic Limits) -- 5.6.2 Summation Laws for Combining Harmonics -- 5.7 General Comments on the Standards -- 5.7.1 Allocation of Harmonic Voltage or Current or Both Limits to the Customers -- 5.7.2 Empirical Nature of the Standards -- 5.7.3 Legal Responsibility for Damages due to Harmonic Problems -- 5.8 Application of the Standards -- 5.8.1 Application of Standards-B.C. Hydro's Approach -- 5.9 Examples of the Harmonic Studies -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Appendix-IEC 61000-Series Standards -- Chapter 6 Harmonic Filters -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Undesirable Effects of Harmonics -- 6.3 Harmonic Sources -- 6.4 Types of Filters -- 6.4.1 Types of Damped Filters -- 6.5 AC Network Impedance -- 6.5.1 Overhead Lines -- 6.5.1.1 Line Constants -- 6.5.2 Underground Cables -- 6.5.3 Transformers -- 6.5.4 Rotating Machines -- 6.5.5 Passive Loads -- 6.5.5.1 Electronic Loads -- 6.5.6 Norton Equivalents of Residential Loads -- 6.6 Design of Single-Tuned Filters -- 6.7 Design of Double-Tuned Filters -- 6.8 Filter Performance Evaluation -- 6.9 Design of Damped Filters -- 6.10 Filter Component Ratings -- 6.10.1 Filter Capacitors -- 6.10.2 Tuning Reactors -- 6.11 Outline of Filter Design in Two Queensland (Australia) Projects -- 6.11.1 Transmission SVC Project -- 6.11.2 Queensland Railway (QR) Project -- 6.12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Computational Tools and Programs for the Design and Analysis of Static Var Compensators and Filters -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Computational Tools -- 7.3 Digital Computers -- 7.4 Analog Computers -- 7.5 Special Problems in the Simulation of Power Electronic Circuits.
7.5.1 Constant Topology -- 7.5.2 Varying Topology -- 7.6 Transient Electrical Network Analyzers -- 7.7 Special-Purpose Simulators -- 7.8 Computer Programs -- 7.8.1 PSS TM E Version 30 -- 7.8.2 EMTP -- 7.8.2.1 Inductance -- 7.8.2.2 Capacitance -- 7.8.2.3 Lossless Line -- 7.8.2.4 Nodal Equations -- 7.8.2.5 Frequency Scan Facility -- 7.8.3 ATP -- 7.8.4 PSCAD/EMTDC -- 7.8.5 SuperHarm -- 7.8.5.1 SuperHarm Models -- 7.8.5.2 SuperHarm Solution Procedure -- 7.8.5.3 Support Options -- 7.8.5.4 Pricing and Availability -- 7.8.6 Three-Phase Power Flow Programs -- 7.8.6.1 Powerlink Program -- 7.8.6.2 HARMFLO Program -- 7.9 DADiSP -- 7.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Monitoring Power Quality -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Site Surveys -- 8.2.1 Spectrum Analyzers -- 8.2.2 Special-Purpose Power System Harmonic Analyzers -- 8.2.3 Transient-Disturbance Analyzers -- 8.2.4 Combination Disturbance and Harmonic Analyzers -- 8.2.5 Flicker Meters -- 8.3 Transducers -- 8.3.1 Measurement of the Frequency Response of Instrument Transformers -- 8.3.2 Description of the Instrument Transformers' Tests -- 8.3.3 Summary of the Conclusions from the Tests -- 8.3.3.1 Voltage Transformers -- 8.4 IEC-Recommended Measurement Techniques for Harmonics -- 8.4.1 Harmonics -- 8.4.1.1 RMS Value of a Harmonic Group: G[Sub(g, n)] -- 8.4.1.2 RMS Value of a Harmonic Subgroup: G[Sub(sg, n)] -- 8.4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) -- 8.4.2.1 Group Total Harmonic Distortion (THDG) -- 8.4.2.2 Subgroup Total Harmonic Distortion (THDS) -- 8.4.2.3 Partial Weighted Harmonic Distortion (PWHD) -- 8.4.3 Interharmonics -- 8.4.3.1 RMS Value of an Interharmonic Component -- 8.4.3.2 RMS Value of an Interharmonic Group (C[Sub(ig, n)]) -- 8.4.3.3 RMS Value of an Interharmonic-Centered Subgroup (C[Sub(isg, n)]) -- 8.4.4 Relative and Absolute Harmonic Phase Angle Measurement.
8.5 Necessity for the Measurement of Harmonic Voltages and Currents -- 8.6 Harmonic Monitoring System -- 8.7 Continuous Harmonic Analysis in Real Time (CHART) -- 8.8 Presentation of Harmonic Measurements -- 8.9 Examples of Projects Needing Harmonic Monitoring in the Powerlink Queensland System, Australia -- 8.9.1 Aluminum Smelter Project -- 8.9.2 Central Queensland Railway Electrification Project -- 8.10 Flicker -- 8.11 IEC Flicker Meter -- 8.11.1 Short-Term Flicker Evaluation -- 8.11.2 Flicker Standards -- 8.12 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Reactors -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Losses in the Power System -- 9.3 Switching Surges -- 9.4 Shunt Reactor Installations in EHV Lines -- 9.5 Determination of Shunt Reactor Rating -- 9.6 Choice of Voltage Level for Shunt Reactor Connection -- 9.6.1 Effective Compensation -- 9.6.2 Influence on Transformers and Generators -- 9.6.3 Switchgear Requirements -- 9.6.4 Influence on Operation Reliability of the System -- 9.6.5 Influence on Insulation and Overvoltage Conditions -- 9.7 Single-Pole Autoreclosing of Transmission Lines -- 9.7.1 Arc Extinction with Single-Pole Switching -- 9.7.2 Laboratory Tests to Determine the Secondary Arc-Extinction Time -- 9.7.3 Choice of Neutral Reactor -- 9.7.4 Secondary Arc Current and Recovery Voltage -- 9.7.5 Single-Pole Autoreclosing of EHV Lines-Field Test Results -- 9.7.6 Effect of X[Sub(0)]/X[Sub(1)] Ratio and X[Sub(n)] on the Secondary Arc Current and Neutral Voltage -- 9.7.7 Effect of Transposition Phasing of Double-Circuit Lines -- 9.7.8 Selective-Pole Switching of Long Double-Circuit EHV Line -- 9.8 Types of Reactors Based on Their Function -- 9.9 Construction of Reactors -- 9.9.1 Types of Reactors Based on Their Construction -- 9.9.2 Testing of EHV Reactors -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Capacitors -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Capacitor Banks.
Includes bibliographical references and index.