http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
The book introduces various forms of staring radar, which include the earliest and simplest forms of electromagnetic surveillance and its users. It next summarises the physical laws under which all radar operates, and the requirements that these systems need to meet to fulfil a range of applications.
Intro -- Halftitle Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the authors -- Foreword: Directions of travel for radar air surveillance -- 1 Introduction to holographic staring radar -- 1.1 Early history -- 1.2 Distinct forms of radar -- 1.3 Physical constraints and complexities -- 1.4 What is radar for, how has it developed and what is its potential? -- 1.4.1 Antecedents for a surveillance radar approach -- 1.4.2 The sequential-scanning radar approach -- 1.4.3 Staring by comparison -- 1.5 Historical background -- References -- 2 Users and uses of surveillance radar -- 2.1 Requirements for surveillance -- 2.2 Air surveillance -- 2.3 Ground surveillance -- 2.4 The range of uses of HSR -- References -- 3 Physics of holographic staring radar -- 3.1 Targets and information -- 3.1.1 Physics and signal-encoded information -- 3.1.2 Detection with a scanning beam -- 3.1.3 Holographic staring radar and analytic solutions -- 3.1.4 Extending time on target -- 3.1.5 Modelling a scattering target -- 3.2 Physics fundamentals -- 3.2.1 Maxwell's equations -- 3.2.2 The electromagnetic uniqueness theorem -- 3.2.3 Huygens' principle -- 3.2.4 The reciprocity theorem -- 3.2.5 The speed of light as a constraint -- 3.3 The staring radar power budget -- 3.3.1 Signal power, noise, aperture, resolution, dynamic range and accuracy -- 3.3.2 Sampling space and time -- 3.3.3 Ambiguities in range and Doppler -- 3.3.4 Sensitivity under range walk -- 3.3.5 Coherence and decoherence -- 3.3.6 Photons, airspace and memory -- 3.4 Multipath propagation and the EUNIT -- 3.5 Mechanical and geometric effects -- 3.6 Beams and sidelobes -- 3.7 Targets, the propagation medium and histories -- 3.8 Target and clutter types, features and models -- 3.9 The volume of regard and radar networks -- 3.10 Atmospheric losses and precipitation.
3.11 Analytic solutions for targets and clutter -- 3.11.1 Doppler effect with target dynamics -- 3.11.2 Target modulating features -- 3.11.3 Resolution cell analysis for large VoRs -- 3.12 Spectrum selection and occupancy -- 3.13 Conclusions on staring radar physics -- References -- 4 Applications of holographic staring radar -- 4.1 Airspace challenges -- 4.1.1 Wind farm mitigation -- 4.1.2 Unmanned air vehicles (UAVs / Drones) -- 4.1.3 Air surveillance integration -- 4.2 Imaging complex targets -- 4.3 HF Radar -- 4.3.1 Over the horizon radar -- 4.3.2 HF Radar for ocean monitoring -- 4.4 Radar for autonomous vehicles -- 4.5 Passive radar -- 4.6 Other applications -- References -- 5 Configurations for HSR -- 5.1 HSR configuration examples -- 5.1.1 Common features of staring radar -- 5.1.2 Proof of concept HSR -- 5.1.3 Short range configuration (SRC) outline -- 5.1.4 Air traffic configuration (ATC) outline -- 5.2 SRC outline resources, structure and functions -- 5.2.1 SRC physical configuration -- 5.2.2 SRC transmission -- 5.2.3 SRC receiver channels and range cells -- 5.2.4 SRC Azimuth and elevation beamforming and RAED data access -- 5.2.5 SRC Doppler transformation -- 5.2.6 SRC airspace partitioning -- 5.2.7 SRC operation and processing -- 5.2.8 SRC summary -- 5.3 ATC resources, structure and functions -- 5.3.1 ATC physical configuration -- 5.3.2 ATC transmission -- 5.3.3 ATC receiver channels, range cells and data communications -- 5.3.4 ATC beamforming -- 5.3.5 ATC Doppler and downstream processing -- 5.3.6 ATC airspace partitioning -- 5.3.7 ATC operation and processing -- 5.3.8 Coherent staring radar networks -- 5.4 Modular structure for surveillance HSRs -- 5.5 Surveillance information -- 6 Cell discovery and HSR signal metrics -- 6.1 Channel, array and system status -- 6.1.1 Calibration requirements -- 6.1.2 Noise and interference.
6.2 Target detection against noise and clutter -- 6.2.1 Inherent noise in radar receivers -- 6.2.2 Detection and thresholds -- 6.2.3 CFAR thresholds -- 6.2.4 Historical threshold setting -- 6.2.5 VH data format -- 6.3 Cell discovery and analysis -- 6.3.1 Raw data throughput -- 6.3.2 Signal acquisition -- 6.3.3 Clutter and its suppression -- 6.3.4 Target discrimination -- 6.3.5 Channel and system malfunctions -- 6.3.6 Cell classifications -- 6.4 Measurement of interference -- 6.4.1 Radio interference (NXS) -- scalar histograms -- 6.4.2 Radio interference using VH format -- 6.4.3 Radar interference (NXS) -- scalar histograms -- 6.4.4 Radar interference using VH format -- 6.4.5 Wind turbine interference (NRD) -- 6.4.6 Intentional interference -- 6.5 Target capture for staring radar -- 6.5.1 Nominal conditions (noise, clutter and target features) -- 6.5.2 Surface multipath conditions -- 6.5.3 Target capture with dynamics -- 6.5.4 Target signatures and micromotion -- 6.5.5 Target tracking -- 6.6 Conclusions on cell discovery and target capture -- 7 Vulnerabilities and resilience -- 7.1 Transmission -- 7.1.1 Reduced gain on transmission -- 7.1.2 Recovery of sensitivity -- 7.2 Decoherence during the CPI -- 7.2.1 Doppler ambiguities -- 7.2.2 Target dynamics -- 7.2.3 Motion disturbances -- 7.2.4 The effects of phase noise -- 7.3 Multipath propagation -- 7.3.1 Surface multipath propagation for HSR -- 7.3.2 HSR elevation measurement with surface multipath -- 7.3.3 Azimuth multipath for HSR -- 7.3.4 Exploitation of azimuth multipath -- 7.4 Target walk -- 7.4.1 Doppler Walk recovery for ATC -- 7.4.2 Range Walk for ATC -- 7.4.3 Range ambiguities -- 7.4.4 Azimuth walk -- 7.4.5 Summary of adverse target conditions -- 7.5 Resilience under interference -- 7.5.1 Channel saturation -- 7.5.2 Noise degradation and suppression of radio interference.
7.5.3 Suppression in the presence of multipath. -- 7.6 Processing burden -- 7.7 The balance of HSR vulnerability and resilience -- References -- 8 Coherent target histories -- 8.1 Cell status and classes of information -- 8.1.1 Concatenation of CPIs -- 8.1.2 Concatenated cell processing -- 8.1.3 Aerial manoeuvring -- 8.2 The VoR environment (NSC) -- 8.2.1 Road and rail traffic -- 8.2.2 Sea clutter -- 8.2.3 Weather features -- 8.2.4 Birds -- 8.2.5 Interrelation of cells -- 8.3 Target analysis, history and recovery (CST) -- 8.3.1 Target detail -- 8.3.2 Target fading -- 8.3.3 Target imaging -- 8.3.4 Extended target behaviour -- 8.3.5 Target recovery -- 8.4 Repetitive clutter analysis: wind turbines (NRD, RDT) -- 8.4.1 Wind Turbine Generators -- 8.4.2 Time domain suppression -- 8.4.3 Frequency domain suppression -- 8.4.4 Turbine shadowing and ghosting -- 8.5 Longer-term retrospective surveillance -- 8.5.1 Clutter imaging (NCD) -- 8.5.2 Multipath fading -- 8.5.3 Target accounting (CST, CDT, RDT) -- 8.5.4 Aircraft classification -- 8.6 Conclusions on CPI concatenation and target histories -- 9 Multilook mapping and multipath suppression -- 9.1 Sources and effects of multipath -- 9.1.1 Interfering surface multipath -- 9.1.2 Shadowing and absorption by buildings -- 9.1.3 Non-interfering azimuth multipath (NIMP) -- 9.2 NIMP scattering and measurement -- 9.2.1 Secondary satellites -- 9.2.2 Tertiary satellites -- 9.2.3 Measured positions, Doppler and time -- 9.2.4 The RAED data structure in satellite suppression -- 9.2.5 Scatter source information -- 9.3 Reflection and scattering geometries and satellite ranges -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity, range and Doppler for satellite propagation -- 9.3.2 Modelling satellite propagation -- 9.3.3 Summary of satellite returns -- 9.4 Scatter analysis and treatment -- 9.4.1 Satellite identification.
9.4.2 Satellite exclusion and report clarification -- 9.4.3 Scatter source inference from multipath satellites -- 9.4.4 Scatter source position -- 9.5 Clutter-congested airspace -- 9.5.1 Satellite discrimination and assignment -- 9.5.2 Target assignment and the computing burden -- 9.6 Solution maintenance -- 9.7 Interfering multipath -- 9.7.1 Transmit surface interference -- 9.7.2 Reception surface interference -- 9.7.3 Interfering azimuth multipath (IAMP) -- 9.8 Conclusions on multipath scatter suppression and exploitation -- 10 Spectrum efficiency and HSR networks -- 10.1 Spectrum requirements -- 10.1.1 Factors influencing the irradiation requirement -- 10.1.2 Spectrum occupancy versus time resolution -- 10.1.3 Passive radar -- 10.1.4 Sharing with other services -- 10.1.5 Common-spectrum surveillance -- 10.2 Mutual interference -- 10.2.1 Common frequency in a BSR network -- 10.2.2 Coherent, synchronous, persistent transmissions for NHR -- 10.2.3 Mutual interference -- conclusion -- 10.3 NHR operation, transmitter ID and target measurements -- 10.3.1 NHR0 station siting -- 10.3.2 NHR0 geometry -- 10.3.3 Target capture -- 10.3.4 Cell pair interpretation -- 10.4 NHR network constraints and resilience -- 10.4.1 Symmetries -- 10.4.2 Receiver saturation -- 10.4.3 Radio interference -- 10.4.4 Timing control -- 10.4.5 Control within the CPI -- 10.4.6 Coincident and synchronised transmission and reception -- 10.5 Coherent radar networks -- conclusions -- 11 Holographic staring radar -- to summarise -- Appendix 1: Measurement of dynamics in aerial manoeuvres -- Figure A.1 Flight profile 'I': Trajectory plots -- Doppler spectra -- VHFDs -- Dynamics traces -- Figure A.2 Flight profiles A -- J -- Trajectory plots -- Figure A.3 Flight profiles A -- J -- Doppler spectra -- Figure A.4 Flight profiles A -- J -- VHFDs -- Figure A.5 Flight profiles A -- J.
Stevenage : Institution of Engineering & Technology,c2022