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Fires in conventional and electrified vehicles
1 online resource (xxii, 249 pages) : illustrations
In the ever-evolving landscape of automotive technology, fire safety remains a critical concern. From the era of steam-powered vehicles to today⁰́₉s cutting-edge electric and hybrid models, understanding the risks and preventive measures for automotive fires is essential for protecting lives and assets. In Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles, Erbis Biscarri, a seasoned expert with extensive experience in both automotive equipment manufacturing and major car manufacturers, presents a definitive guide on the subject. This book provides a thorough exploration of the physical phenomena leading to vehicle fires, offering in-depth analysis methods and prevention strategies tailored to both traditional internal combustion engines and the latest hybrid and electric vehicles. Organized into three key sections⁰́₄Theory, Prevention, and Analysis⁰́₄the book delves into the fundamental concepts of fire initiation, sustenance, and propagation, covering a wide range of vehicle systems. It examines safety risks and effective prevention strategies using industry best practices and advanced technologies. Additionally, the analysis section provides real-world case studies and expert insights into investigating and understanding automotive fires. Whether you're an automotive engineer, fire safety professional, forensic consultant, or fleet manager, Biscarri's comprehensive guide is an invaluable resource. Equip yourself with the knowledge to navigate the complexities of automotive fire safety and contribute to a safer, more resilient automotive industry. ⁰́₋This book will be a valuable resource for experts in vehicle fire analysis.⁰́₊ Aubert George, Expert in vehicle fire analysis and prevention, France. (ISBN 9781468607949 ISBN 9781468607956 ISBN 9781468607963 DOI https://doi.org/10.4271/9781468607956).
"Contents Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi Section 1: Theory Chapter 01 - Relevant Data/Statistics 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Global Relevance of Car Fires 4 12 1 Safety Concerns 4 122 Road Transportation Disruptions 4 1 2 3 Impact on Airport Operations 4 124 Maritime Transport Risks 4 1 2 5 Insurance Market Influence 4 12 6 Environmental Consequences 4 1 2 7 Manufacturing and Design Implications 4 128 Technological Advancements and Safety Standards 5 1.3. Global Vehicle Fire Data 5 13 1 US 5 132 UK 5 1 3 3 Other International Data 5 1.4. Car Fires in Ships and Large Parking Structures 6 14 1 Transportation Vessels 6 1 4 1 1 Sincerity Ace (December 2018) 7 1 4 1 2 Felicity Ace (February 2022) 7 1 4 1 3 Fremantle Highway (July 2023) 7 1 4 2 Car Fires in Large Parking Structures 8 1 4 2 1 Liverpool Echo Arena (December 2017) 8 1 4 2 2 Norway Stavanger (Sola) Airport (January 2020) 9 1 4 2 3 London Luton Airport (October 2023) 9 1.5. Area of Origin, Cause, and Item First Ignited 9 1.6. Car Fire Rates by Type 11 1.7. Recalls Related to Fire Risk 11 1.8. xEV Situation when Fire Started 11 References 12 Chapter 02 - Automotive Fire Science Fundamentals 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Fire Triangle 15 2.3. Fire Tetrahedron 16 23 1 Chain Reaction 16 232 Free Radicals 17 2.4. Combustible Materials/Fuels 17 2.5. Oxidizer 18 2.6. Energy Source 18 2.7. Explosion 19 2.8. Airbags 19 2.9. Flash Point 20 2.10. Fire Point 20 2.11. Autoignition Temperature 21 2.12. Flammability Classifications 21 2.13. Flammability Range 22 2.14. Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation 22 2 14 1 Conduction 22 2 142Convection 22 2 143Radiation 23 2.15. Pyrolysis and Carbonization 23 2 15 1 Pyrolysis 23 2 152Carbonization 24 2.16. Fluid Leakages 24 Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles: Theory, Prevention, and Analysisviii 2.17. Hot Surfaces 25 2.18. Electric Anomalies 25 2.19. Fire Accelerants 25 2.20. Heat Release Rate 25 2.21. Fire Extinction Methods 26 221 1 Water-Based Methods 27 2212Foam-Based Methods 27 2213Dry Powder 27 2214Inert Gases 27 2 21 5 Chain Reaction Interruption 27 221 6Fire Blankets 27 2 21 7 xEV Fire Extinction 28 References 28 Chapter 03 - Mechanical Sources of Heat, Stress, and Degradation 3.1. Introduction 31 3.2. Vibration 31 32 1 Sources of Vibration 32 3 21 1 Engine 32 3 21 2 Drivetrain 32 3 2 1 3 Imbalanced Rotating Components 32 3 2 1 4 Road Conditions 32 322 Damaging Effects 32 3 2 2 1 Cracks, Fractures, and Fatigue Failure 32 3 2 2 2 Wear and Tear 33 3 2 2 3 Fasteners and Bolts 34 3 2 2 4 Electronics and Wiring 34 3.3. Impacts 34 3.4. Pressure 35 34 1 Fuel System 35 3 4 2 Hydraulic and Lubrication Systems 35 3.5. Cuts 35 3.6. Crushing 35 3.7. Stretching 35 3.8. Friction 36 3.9. Rodents 36 3.10. Mechanical Overloads 37 3.11. Degradation of Pipelines, Seals, and Hydraulic Connections 38 References 39 Chapter 04 - Electric Sources of Heat and Degradation 4.1. Introduction 41 4.2. Intended/Intrinsic Heat Generators 42 4.3. Electric Overload/Series Resistance Increase 42 43 1 Electric Overload 43 4 3 2 Series Resistance Increase 43 4.4. Electric Leakages/Parallel Resistance Decrease 43 4.5. Harness Degradations 44 4 5 1 Series Resistance Increase 44 4 52 Cable Rupture 45 4 53 Short Circuits 45 4 54 Copper Beads 45 4 5 5 Water Intrusion 46 4 5 6 Leakage Current 47 4.6. Connection Degradations 47 4 6 1 Loose Ground Connection 48 4 6 2 Incomplete Connector Mating 48 4 6 3 Deformed and Broken Contacts 48 4 6 4 Pushed Back Pins 49 4 6 5 Bad Crimp 49 4 6 6 Oxidation and Corrosion 49 4 6 7 Fretting Corrosion 50 4 68 Leakage Currents 51 4 6 9 Damaged Housing 51 4.7. Electric Transients and EMI 51 4.8. Fuse ©₇ Wire Gage 53 4.9. Short Circuits 53 4.10. High-Voltage Arcing 54 4.11. Lightning 54 4.12. Improper Accessory Installation 55 References 55 Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles: Theory, Prevention, and Analysis ix Chapter 05 - Other Degradation Mechanisms 5.1. Introduction 57 5.2. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 57 52 1 Plastics 58 522 Rubber 58 5.3. Infrared Radiation (IR) 58 5.4. Sunlight 58 5.5. Thermal Damage 59 5 5 1 Extremely Cold Temperatures 59 5 52 Extremely Hot Temperatures 59 5 5 3 Cooling System Failures 59 5 5 4 Plastic Deformation of Polymers 59 5 5 5 Expansion/Contraction Stresses 60 5 5 6 Thermal Cycles Leading to Fatigue 60 5.6. Exhaust System Failures 60 5.7. Water 61 5 7 1 Humidity 61 5 72 Condensation 61 5 7 3 Drizzle and Rain 61 5 7 4 Snow and Ice 62 5 7 5 Washing 63 5 7 6 Pools in Potholes and Flooding 63 5 7 7 Sea Water 64 5.8. Aggressive Chemicals 64 58 1 Engine Coolant 64 582 Brake Fluid 64 583 Fuel 65 584 Acids 65 5 8 5 Salt and De-Icing Chemicals 65 58 6 Other Substances 65 5.9. Solid Particles 66 5 9 1 Compromised Lubrication 66 5 9 2 Combustible Foreign Materials 66 5.10. Improper Installation of Accessories and Modifications 67 5.11. Inappropriate Service 68 5.12. Aging and Random Failures 69 References 70 Chapter 06 - Water ©₇ Electricity 6.1. Introduction 71 6.2. Electrolysis/Electrolytic Corrosion/Dendritic Growth 72 62 1 Electrolysis 72 622 Electrolytic Corrosion 72 623 Dendritic Growth 73 6.3. IPXX 73 6.4. Sealing Degradation Mechanisms 74 6 4 1 Vibration and Mechanical Stress 74 642 Temperature Variations 74 6 4 3 Exposure to Chemicals and Corrosion 75 644 Improper Maintenance 75 64 5 Accidental Damage 75 64 6 Wear, Tear, and Aging 75 6.5. Capillarity 76 6.6. Pumping/Respiration 77 References 78 Chapter 07 - xEV Fundamentals 7.1. Introduction 79 7.2. Configurations and Acronyms 80 72 1 BEV 80 722 EV 82 7 2 3 FCEV or FCV 82 724 HEV 82 7 2 4 1 Micro HEV (MHEV) 84 7 2 4 2 Mild HV (MHV or mHEV) 84 7 2 4 3 (Full) H ...
Road and motor vehicles: general interest