http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Reliability, Availability and Maintenance
The new, thoroughly revised edition of this classic book on offshore wind farm reliability. This work captures the latest developments in turbine and farm design, monitoring, safety and maintenance of a centre pillar of the emerging carbon free energy system.
Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the author -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Nomenclature -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction to off-shore wind -- 1.1 Development of wind power -- 1.2 Reliability of on-shore wind turbines -- 1.3 Large wind farms -- 1.4 First off-shore developments -- 1.5 Off-shore wind in Northern Europe -- 1.5.1 Introduction -- 1.5.2 Baltic Sea, German, Swedish and Danish waters -- 1.5.3 North Sea, UK waters -- 1.5.4 North Sea, German, Dutch, Belgian and Danish waters -- 1.6 Off-shore wind rest of the world -- 1.6.1 The USA -- 1.6.2 Asia -- 1.7 Off-shore wind power terminology and economics -- 1.7.1 Terminology -- 1.7.2 Cost of installation -- 1.7.3 Cost of energy -- 1.7.4 Cost of O__amp__amp -- M -- 1.7.5 Effect of reliability, availability and maintenance on cost of energy -- 1.7.6 Previous work -- 1.8 Roles -- 1.8.1 General -- 1.8.2 Innovators -- 1.8.3 Governments -- 1.8.4 Test facilities -- 1.8.5 Regulators -- 1.8.6 Investors -- 1.8.7 Certifiers and insurers -- 1.8.8 Developers -- 1.8.9 Original equipment manufacturers -- 1.8.10 Operators and asset managers -- 1.8.11 Maintainers -- 1.9 Summary -- Chapter 2 Reliability theory relevant to off-shore wind -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic definitions -- 2.3 Random and continuous variables -- 2.4 Reliability theory -- 2.4.1 Reliability functions -- 2.4.2 Reliability functions example -- 2.4.3 Reliability analysis assuming constant failure rate -- 2.4.4 Bathtub curve -- 2.5 Reliability modelling concepts for off-shore wind farms -- 2.5.1 General -- 2.5.2 Reliability modelling concepts -- 2.5.3 Total time on test -- 2.6 Reliability block diagrams -- 2.6.1 General -- 2.6.2 Series systems -- 2.6.3 Parallel systems -- 2.7 Summary -- Chapter 3 Weather, its influence on off-shore reliability -- 3.1 Wind, weather and large off-shore wind farms -- 3.1.1 Introduction.
3.1.2 Wind speed -- 3.1.3 Wind turbulence -- 3.1.4 Wave height and sea condition -- 3.1.5 Temperature -- 3.1.6 Humidity -- 3.2 Mathematics to analyse weather influence -- 3.2.1 General -- 3.2.2 Periodograms -- 3.2.3 Cross-correlograms -- 3.2.4 Concerns -- 3.3 Relationships between weather and failure rate -- 3.3.1 Wind speed -- 3.3.2 Temperature -- 3.3.3 Humidity -- 3.3.4 Wind turbulence -- 3.3.5 Sea surface effects -- 3.4 Resource, location, reliability and capacity factor -- 3.5 Summary -- 3.5.1 Wind turbine design -- 3.5.2 Wind farm operation -- Chapter 4 Practical off-shore wind farm reliability -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Taxonomies and data from wind turbines and off-shore farms -- 4.2.1 Fixed -- 4.2.2 Floating -- 4.2.3 Reliability data -- 4.3 Failure location, failure mode, root cause and failure mechanism -- 4.4 Reliability field data and collection -- 4.5 Mathematical concerns about field data -- 4.6 Comparative data analysis -- 4.7 Current reliability and failure mode knowledge -- 4.8 Linkage between failure mode and root cause -- 4.9 Reliability analysis, machinery versus structure versus taxonomy -- 4.10 Premature series failures -- 4.11 Summary -- Chapter 5 Wind turbine configuration and reliability -- 5.1 Modern wind turbine configurations -- 5.1.1 General -- 5.1.2 Background -- 5.1.3 Concepts and configurations -- 5.1.4 Sub-assemblies -- 5.1.5 Populations and operating experience -- 5.1.6 Industrial reliability data for sub-assemblies -- 5.2 Reliability analysis assuming constant failure rate -- 5.3 Analysis of turbine concepts -- 5.3.1 Comparison of concepts -- 5.3.2 Reliability of sub-assemblies -- 5.3.3 Evaluation of current different wind turbine configurations -- 5.3.4 Innovative wind turbine configurations -- 5.3.5 Alternative drive train analysis -- 5.4 Using data to predict prospective drive train reliability -- 5.5 Summary.
Chapter 6 Design and testing for wind farm availability -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods to improve reliability -- 6.2.1 Reliability results and future turbines -- 6.2.2 Wind turbine design concepts -- 6.2.3 Testing -- 6.2.4 Monitoring and O__amp__amp -- M -- 6.3 Design techniques -- 6.3.1 Wind farm design and configuration -- 6.3.2 Design review -- 6.3.3 FMEA and FMECA -- 6.3.4 Integrating design techniques -- 6.4 Testing techniques -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 Accelerated life testing -- 6.4.3 Sub-assembly testing -- 6.4.4 Prototype and drive train testing -- 6.4.5 Off-shore environmental testing -- 6.4.6 Production testing -- 6.4.7 Commissioning -- 6.5 From high reliability to high availability -- 6.5.1 Relation between reliability and availability -- 6.5.2 Off-shore environment -- 6.5.3 Detection and interpretation -- 6.5.4 Preventive or corrective maintenance -- 6.5.5 Asset management through life -- 6.6 Summary -- Chapter 7 Early off-shore unreliability and availability -- 7.1 Early European off-shore wind farm experience -- 7.1.1 Horns Rev 1 wind farm, Denmark -- 7.1.2 Round 1 wind farms, United Kingdom -- 7.2 Lessons learnt -- 7.2.1 General -- 7.2.2 Environment -- 7.2.3 Access -- 7.2.4 Off-shore LV, MV and HV networks -- 7.2.5 Other Round 1 wind farms, United Kingdom -- 7.2.6 Commissioning -- 7.2.7 Planning off-shore operations -- 7.3 Summary -- Chapter 8 Off-shore wind farm layouts and grid connection -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Arrangements -- 8.3 Device and collector arrays -- 8.4 AC versus DC collectors and export connection -- 8.5 Sub-stations and converter stations -- 8.6 Off-shore wind farms -- 8.6.1 One line diagrams -- 8.6.2 Reliability -- 8.7 Floating technology, effect on reliability -- 8.8 Summary -- Chapter 9 Monitoring for off-shore wind farms -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Supervisory control and data acquisition.
9.2.1 Why SCADA? -- 9.2.2 Signals and alarms -- 9.2.3 Value and cost of SCADA -- 9.3 Condition monitoring systems -- 9.3.1 Why CMS? -- 9.3.2 Different CMS techniques -- 9.3.3 Value and cost of CMS -- 9.4 Structural health monitoring -- 9.5 SCADA and CMS monitoring success -- 9.5.1 General -- 9.5.2 SCADA successes -- 9.5.3 CMS successes -- 9.6 Data integration -- 9.6.1 Multi-parameter monitoring -- 9.6.2 System architectures -- 9.7 Summary -- Chapter 10 Maintenance for off-shore wind farms -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Maintenance methods -- 10.3 Spares -- 10.4 Weather -- 10.5 Access and logistics -- 10.5.1 Distance off-shore -- 10.5.2 Installation access -- 10.5.3 Vessel access -- 10.5.4 Aircraft access -- 10.5.5 Drone access -- 10.5.6 Access conclusions -- 10.6 Data management for an integrated maintenance strategy -- 10.6.1 Sources and access to data -- 10.6.2 An off-shore wind farm knowledge management system -- 10.6.3 Complete system -- 10.7 Summary -- Chapter 11 Production safety, training and qualification -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Safety -- 11.3 Training and qualification -- 11.3.1 Category I __amp__#8211 -- data collector -- 11.3.2 Category II __amp__#8211 -- specialist -- 11.3.3 Category III __amp__#8211 -- analyst -- 11.3.4 Category IV __amp__#8211 -- expert -- Chapter 12 Overall summary conclusions -- 12.1 Reliability and availability in wind farm design -- 12.1.1 Importance of data -- 12.2 Collating data -- 12.3 Operational planning for maintenance, RCM versus CBM -- 12.4 Asset management -- 12.5 Towards an integrated maintenance strategy, data management -- 12.6 Prospective costs of energy for off-shore wind -- 12.7 Production safety, training and qualification -- 12.8 Future prospects -- References -- Standards -- Appendix A WMEP operators' report form -- Appendix B Reliability data collection -- Appendix C Commercial SCADA systems.
Appendix D Commercial condition monitoring systems -- Appendix E Reliabilities of key off-shore sub-assemblies -- Appendix F Wind power historical timeline -- Index.