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Germanic heritage languages in North America : acquisition, attrition and change /

This book presents new empirical findings about Germanic heritage varieties spoken in North America: Dutch, German, Pennsylvania Dutch, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, West Frisian and Yiddish, and varieties of English spoken both by heritage speakers and in communities after language shift. The volu...

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors: Johannessen, Janne Bondi (Editor), Salmons, Joe, 1956- (Editor)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, [2015]
Series:Studies in language variation.
Subjects:
Germanic languages > North America > History > Congresses.
Languages in contact > North America > Congresses.
Language acquisition > Congresses.
Germanic languages > Influence on English > Congresses.
English language > Influence on Germanic > Congresses.
Bilingualism > North America > Congresses.
Langues germaniques > Amérique du Nord > Histoire > Congrès.
Langues en contact > Amérique du Nord > Congrès.
Langage > Acquisition > Congrès.
Anglais (Langue) > Influence sur les langues germaniques > Congrès.
Langues germaniques > Influence sur l'anglais > Congrès.
Germanic languages > Influence on English
English language > Influence on Germanic
Bilingualism
Germanic languages
Language acquisition
Languages in contact
North America
Sociolinguistics
Language change
Germanic linguistics
Language variation
Electronic books.
Conference papers and proceedings
History
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Germanic Heritage Languages in North America
  • Editorial page
  • Title page
  • LCC data
  • Table of contents
  • The study of Germanic heritage languages in the Americas
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Immigrant languages and heritage languages
  • 3. Acquisition, attrition and change
  • 4. Background on Germanic immigrant languages in North America
  • 4.1 Dutch
  • 4.2 German
  • 4.3 Icelandic
  • 4.4 Norwegian
  • 4.5 Pennsylvania Dutch
  • 4.6 Swedish
  • 4.7 West Frisian
  • 4.8 Yiddish
  • 5. Concluding remarks
  • References
  • I. Acquisition and attrition
  • Word order variation in Norwegian possessive constructions: Bilingual acquisition and attrition
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Pre- and postnominal possessives: Syntactic structure, interpretation and frequency
  • 2.1 Syntactic structure
  • 2.2 The interpretation of pre- and postnominal possessives
  • 2.3 The distribution of pre- and postnominal possessives
  • 3. Possessive structures and monolingual acquisition
  • 4. Hypotheses
  • 5. Bilingual acquisition
  • 5.1 Informants and data collection
  • 5.2 Results - overview
  • 5.3 Similarities between mono- and bilinguals: The overuse of prenominal possessives
  • 5.4 Differences between mono- and bilinguals: Definiteness marking and postnominal possessives
  • 5.5 Intermediate summary
  • 6. Heritage speakers
  • 6.1 Informants
  • 6.2 Results - overview
  • 6.3 Possessive constructions with a postnominal possessive
  • 6.4 Possessive constructions with prenominal possessives
  • 6.5 Some questions
  • 7. Discussion
  • 8. Conclusion
  • References
  • Attrition in an American Norwegian heritage language speaker
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Data and methodology
  • 2.1 Informant and linguistic evidence
  • 2.2 Methodology and background material
  • 3. Norwegian language and the order of acquisition
  • 3.1 The noun phrase and its categories
  • 3.2 Clauses and sentences.
  • 4. Results of the investigation of Daisy's American Norwegian
  • 4.1 Results regarding the noun phrase
  • 4.2 Clauses and sentences
  • 5. Daisy's results relative to the acquisition data
  • 5.1 Noun-phrase related categories
  • 5.2 Clause-related categories
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
  • Reexamining Icelandic as a heritage language in North America
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background: Icelandic emigration to North America
  • 3. Previous linguistic research and available resources
  • 3.1 Early studies
  • 3.2 Available NA Icelandic corpora
  • 4. Another glance at North American Icelandic as a heritage language
  • 4.1 Morphology
  • 4.2 Impersonal verbs
  • 4.3 Anaphoric binding
  • 4.4 Subjunctive
  • 4.5 Syntax
  • 4.6 Phonetics and Phonology
  • 5. Conclusions
  • References
  • II. Phonetic and phonological change
  • Heritage language obstruent phonetics and phonology American Norwegian, Norwegian-American English
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Theoretical background
  • 2.1 Language contact
  • 2.2 English and Norwegian laryngeal phonetics and phonology
  • 3. Speakers and community
  • 4. The problem of description: Sonorant devoicing
  • 5. Medial voicing: An under-investigated area
  • 6. Final laryngeal distinctions
  • 7. Summary and conclusions
  • References
  • The history of front rounded vowels in New Braunfels German
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Previous research
  • 3. The current analysis
  • 4. Conclusion
  • References
  • Functional convergence and extension in contact
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Progressive aspect - an overview
  • 2.1 Achievements in the progressive
  • 2.2 States in the progressive
  • 3. Semantics and syntax of progressive aspect constructions
  • 4. Progressive aspect in German, dialectal continental German, and Pennsylvania Dutch
  • 4.1 (Standard) German
  • 4.2 Dialectal (continental) German
  • 4.3 Pennsylvania Dutch.
  • 4.4 Progressive aspect in Big Valley, PA, and Holmes County, OH, Pennsylvania Dutch
  • 5. Theoretical analysis
  • 6. Hyperextension
  • 7. Conclusions and directions for future research
  • Appendix
  • References
  • Hybrid verb forms in American Norwegian and the analysis of the syntactic relation between the verb
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Why the hybrid verb forms are really hybrid
  • 3. Data
  • 4. Theoretical assumptions
  • 5. The syntactic relation between T and V: Some (im)possible analyses
  • 6. The syntactic relation between T and V: My analysis
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
  • Discourse markers in the narratives of New York Hasidim: More V2 attrition
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Dialects of Yiddish
  • 3. V2 on three levels
  • 4. The contact situation: English and Yiddish
  • 5. Research questions
  • 6. Method
  • 7. Discussion of the data
  • 7.1 English DMs
  • 7.2 The North-east DM iz
  • 7.3 Central Yiddish DMs: Yiddish compared to English
  • 7.4 The innovative DM: Shoyn
  • 8. Conclusions and explanations
  • 8.1 V2 attrition on all three fronts
  • References
  • IV. Lexical change
  • Maintaining a multilingual repertoire: Lexical change in American Norwegian
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background
  • 2.1 Theoretical background
  • 2.2 Social influence on language contact phenomena
  • 3. Three types of transfer
  • 4. Methods
  • 5. Results and discussion
  • 5.1 Lexical transfer
  • 5.2 Semantic transfer
  • 5.3 Phonemic transfer
  • 5.4 Ambiguous cases
  • 5.5 Exceptional cases
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
  • How synagogues became shuls: The boomerang effect in Yiddish-influenced English, 1895-2010
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Yiddish
  • 1.2 The boomerang effect
  • 2. Findings
  • 2.1 Survey
  • 2.2 Corpus study
  • 2.3 Media geared toward young Jewish adults
  • 3. Discussion and conclusion
  • References.
  • Phonological non-integration of lexical borrowings in Wisconsin West Frisian
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Consultants, methods
  • 2.1 Data set and speaker profile
  • 2.2 Method
  • 3. Community profile of language use
  • 4. Modeling bilingual processing in a heritage community
  • 5. Data
  • 5.1 Number, type and frequency of English tokens
  • 6. Analysis and discussion
  • 7. Conclusion
  • References
  • Borrowing modal elements into American Norwegian: The case of suppose(d)
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Degree of integration
  • 3. Linguistic integration
  • 4. Borrowing of functional words and grammatical features
  • 5. On matter replication and pattern replication
  • 6. Modality in Norwegian and English
  • 7. The use of suppose(d)/[spoʊs], [spʊːst] in American Norwegian
  • 8. Summing up
  • References
  • V. Variation and real-time change
  • Changes in a Norwegian dialect in America
  • 1. Background
  • 2. Coon Valley and Westby
  • 3. The material
  • 4. An America-Norwegian koiné?
  • 5. The language varieties
  • 5.1 West Norwegian dialects
  • 5.2 Normalized speech
  • 5.3 East Norwegian dialects
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
  • On two myths of the Norwegian language in America: Is it old-fashioned?
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Is the Norwegian language in America archaic?
  • 2.1 Data material: Informants
  • 2.2 Investigation of pronouns
  • 2.3 Morphology
  • 2.4 Function words
  • 2.5 Lexical words
  • 2.6 Conclusion on whether American Norwegian is archaic
  • 3. Has the Norwegian language in America approached Bokmål?
  • 3.1 Einar Haugen on the development of American Norwegian
  • 3.2 Pronouns
  • 3.3 Verb inflection
  • 3.4 Function words
  • 3.5 Lexical words
  • 3.6 Syntax
  • 3.7 Conclusion on whether American Norwegian has moved toward Bokmål
  • 4. Conclusion
  • References
  • Coon Valley Norwegians meet Norwegians from Norway: Language, culture and identity.
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background: The Norwegian language in the U.S.
  • 3. Data collection
  • 4. Theoretical perspectives: Why narratives?
  • 5. Identity as a social construction
  • 6. Interactions in Coon Valley
  • 6.1 Language choice
  • 6.2 Sylvia: "I don't know how to say all that in Norwegian"
  • 6.3 Other semiotic resources in identity construction
  • 6.4 John and Eric: Hard-working Norwegians
  • 6.5 The old school and community in Coon Valley
  • 6.6 Identities as elderly people
  • 7. Identity as Norwegians and Americans
  • 8. Multilayered positioning work
  • 9. Discussion and conclusion
  • Appendix: Transcription conventions
  • References
  • Variation and change in American Swedish
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Data collection
  • 2.1 Interviews, questionnaires and elicitation
  • 2.2 Consultants
  • 3. Dialects in American Swedish
  • 3.1 Linguistic variation in Sweden in the 19th century
  • 3.2 Dialects in earlier American Swedish
  • 3.3 Dialect features in present-day American Swedish
  • 3.4 Dialect leveling and language contact
  • 4. Contact features in American Swedish
  • 4.1 The lexicon
  • 4.2 Function words
  • 4.3 Syntactic constructions
  • 4.4 Intermediate summary
  • 5. Bilingualism at an individual level
  • 5.1 Sources of impact on American Swedish
  • 5.2 Edward and Shirley: Acquisition or attrition?
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References
  • On the decrease of language norms in a disintegrating language
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The data
  • 3. Norms in AD
  • 3.1 Question (I): Are the grammatical norms which hold for SD still recognized in AD?
  • 3.2 Question (II): Are there any differences between the acceptability test
  • 3.3 Question (III): Are there any differences between speakers
  • 3.4 Question (IV): Is the existence of norms equally strong/weak in all parts of the system?
  • 4. General discussion.