http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
historical approach to materials under irradiation
Researchers and students have not yet had access to a book which would enable them to trace the origins of the concepts that explain the behavior of materials under irradiation. This book fills the gap. As far back as antiquity, the notions of purity and disorder have been evoked to explain the different properties of materials. It was geologists who developed the subject in the 19th century. Then, with the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity, disorder in materials became the domain of physicists and chemists. The first observations focused on the color changes of ionic crystals, then gradually all the techniques for characterising materials were used. However, questions about the resistance of the components of the first atomic piles to irradiation led to the development of irradiation studies. This book describes the historical approaches to particle transport and defect creation mechanisms. Several chapters detail the history of irradiation of different types of materials: metals, semiconductors, iono-covalent insulators, polymers and radiolysis of water. The final two chapters deal with irradiation tools and applications.
Preface -- Chapter 1 Preliminary Remarks -- 1.1 References -- Chapter 2 Prerequisites for the Irradiation of Materials -- 2.1 Materials and purity, an old story -- 2.1.1 Materials and disorder in ancient history -- 2.2 Discovering the particles behind irradiation -- 2.2.1 High-voltage generation -- 2.2.2 Vacuum control -- 2.2.3 Cathode rays -- 2.2.4 Discovery of X-rays -- 2.2.5 Discovery of the electron -- 2.2.6 Discovery of radioactivity -- 2.3 First irradiation experiments -- 2.3.1 Pleochroic halos -- 2.4 Secondary effects of radiation -- 2.5 Chapter 2 references -- 2.5.1 A brief chronology -- 2.5.2 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 2.6 References -- Chapter 3 Particle Transport -- 3.1 It all started with collision experiments -- 3.2 Slowing down in the matter -- 3.3 Particle stopping power -- 3.3.1 Electronic stopping power -- 3.3.2 Nuclear stopping power -- 3.4 Particle range -- 3.5 Transport simulation -- 3.5.1 First simulations -- 3.6 Channeling effects -- 3.7 Chapter 3 references -- 3.7.1 Short chronology -- 3.7.2 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 3.8 References -- Chapter 4 First Notions of Defects -- 4.1 First observations of defects -- 4.1.1 Photographic processes -- 4.1.2 First experiments: an approach guided by sight -- 4.1.3 Defects, a useful concept for diffusion -- 4.2 Notions of defects -- 4.3 Chapter 4 references -- 4.3.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 4.4 References -- Chapter 5 Defect Creation Mechanisms -- 5.1 Production of defects by irradiation -- 5.1.1 Creation of defects by electronic excitations and ionizations -- 5.1.2 Models for the creation of defects by elastic collisions -- 5.2 Determination of threshold displacement energy -- 5.2.1 Threshold displacement energy mapping -- 5.3 Numerical simulations -- 5.3.1 Creation and stability of point defects -- 5.3.2 Thermal spike -- 5.4 Irradiation-induced sputtering -- 5.4.1 Metal sputtering -- 5.4.2 Uranium sputtering -- 5.5 Chapter 5 references -- 5.5.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6 Metals Under Irradiation -- 6.1 Notions shared with other disciplines -- 6.1.1 Self-diffusion in metals -- 6.1.2 Cold metalworking -- 6.1.3 Dislocation theory -- 6.2 Creation of defects in metals by irradiation -- 6.2.1 Irradiation of pure metals -- 6.2.2 Irradiation of ordered alloys -- 6.3 Displacement threshold -- 6.4 Description of defects -- 6.4.1 Experimental observations of point defects -- 6.5 Defect annealing -- 6.6 Chapter 6 references -- 6.6.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 6.7 References -- Chapter 7 Semiconductors Under Irradiation -- 7.1 First irradiation of semiconductors -- 7.2 Defect generation and counting -- 7.2.1 Determining the displacement threshold -- 7.2.2 High-energy deposits -- 7.2.3 Description of defects -- 7.3 Diffusion in semiconductors -- 7.3.1 Smart Cut process -- 7.4 Chapter 7 references -- 7.4.1 Laboratories and personalities in this chapter -- 7.5 References -- Chapter 8 Iono-covalent Insulators Under Irradiation -- 8.1 Iono-covalent materials under irradiation -- 8.1.1 Defects in iono-covalent materials -- 8.1.2 Threshold displacement energy in inorganic insulators -- 8.1.3 Phase transformation under irradiation -- 8.2 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 8.3 References -- Chapter 9 Polymers Under Irradiation -- 9.1 First irradiations of polymers -- 9.2 Research into degradation mechanisms -- 9.3 Radio-oxidation of polymers -- 9.4 Research and development, an active field -- 9.5 Chapter 9 references -- 9.5.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 9.6 References -- Chapter 10 Radiolysis of Liquids -- 10.1 Upstream of the notion of radiolysis -- 10.2 Activated water -- 10.3 Free radicals -- 10.4 Solvated electrons -- 10.4.1 Solvated electrons, an old story -- 10.5 Effects of the spatial structure of energy deposits -- 10.6 Radiolysis yields -- 10.7 Chapter 10 references -- 10.7.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 10.8 References -- Chapter 11 Irradiation Tools -- 11.1 Accelerators -- 11.1.1 Radio-frequency cavity accelerators -- 11.1.2 Electrostatic accelerators -- 11.1.3 Tandem elect rostatic accelerators -- 11.1.4 Pulsed electron accelerators -- 11.2 Nuclear reactors -- 11.3 Recent developments -- 11.4 Chapter 11 references -- 11.4.1 Biographies of some of the chapter's personalities -- 11.5 References -- Chapter 12 Irradiation Applications -- 12.1 Medical applications -- 12.1.1 Radiography -- 12.1.2 Radiotherapies -- 12.1.3 Nuclear medicine -- 12.1.4 Radiosterilization -- 12.2 Food processing -- 12.3 Polymer irradiation applications -- 12.4 Semiconductor doping -- 12.4.1 Doping by implantation -- 12.4.2 Transmutation doping -- 12.5 Radiation resistance of electronic components -- 12.6 Ion track technology -- 12.7 Cultural and historical heritage materials -- 12.8 References -- Conclusions -- C.1 An active community -- C.2 Future prospects -- C.3 References -- Index.
Includes bibliographical references and index.