http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
1 online resource (xxvii, 537 pages) : illustrations.
Annotation Currently, the installed capacity of power generation in India is 104,917 MW and by 2012 another 100,000 MW will be added. With this addition, the requirement of power and distribution transformers will grow enormously, as will the emphasis on quality and performance. The design of a transformer is critical to its quality as are men, machines and materials. This book is a hands-on guide covering design, process control of manufacturing technique, installation, erection, commissioning and maintenance of distribution transformers. It also covers failure analysis and remedial measures for increasing the longevity of transformers. Apart from explaining the design aspect of transformers, the book lists the requirements of ISO 9000 in the process of manufacturing technique up to the final stages of product testing, inspection and despatch.
A. Dedication -- B. Preface -- C. Acknowledgements -- D. At a glance -- Chapter 1 working principle of a transformer -- Chapter 2 requirements of transformer specifications from end-users -- Chapter 3 basic materials and their processing -- Chapter 4 the basic concept of design -- Chapter 5 design of the 100 kva transformer -- Chapter 6 design of the 630 kva transformer -- Chapter 7 design of the 5 mva, 33/11 kv transformer -- Chapter 8 the design concept of the distribution transformers under repair contract -- Chapter 9 the basic concept of computer-aided design -- Chapter 10 dry-type distribution transformers with polyestermide vpi?a new concept in india -- Chapter 11 process control -- Chapter 12 a schedule of tests and their procedures -- Chapter 13 user's installation and instruction manual for transformers in services -- Chapter 14 draft specification for the 25, 63 and 100 kva, 11/0.433 kv aluminium-wound conventional type distribution transformers -- Chapter 15 nature of failures and their causes -- Chapter 16 conclusion -- E. List of abbreviations -- 1. Working principle of a transformer -- Introduction -- The working principle -- The formula for induced emf -- Alignment chart -- Shell and core type transformer -- Transformer cores -- Windings and insulations -- End-turn insulation -- Transformer losses -- The power scenario in india -- Summary -- 2. Requirements of transformer specifications from end-users -- Requirement of specification -- Mandatory specification -- Supplementary specification -- Additional specification -- Requirement fill-up standard gtp format -- Summary -- 3. Basic materials and their processing -- Introduction -- Crgo (stacked core) -- Crgo slitting -- Types of slitter lines -- Layout of a slitter line -- Requirement of slitting operation -- Construction of blade -- Recommendations for better slitting -- Clearance adjustment operations -- Influence of shear angle at slitting (grain-oriented) -- Hold the strips near the blade firmly with the stabilizer -- Crgo steel processing -- Annealing -- Core-building -- Step-lap -- Winding wires and strips -- Processing wire drawing -- Die materials -- Processing strip drawing -- Annealing of wires and strips -- Annealing of copper -- Annealing of aluminium -- Insulating paper -- Paper covering on the conductor -- Tests on paper covered conductor -- Reference iss for wires and strips -- Details of machineries for wires and strips -- Process chart -- Choice of using copper or aluminium as winding material -- Insulating oil -- Introduction -- Chemistry of transformer oil -- Refining of tofs -- Characteristic properties and specification -- Storage and handling of transformer oil -- Dedicated handling -- Transport in tankers or drums -- Compatibility and contaminants -- Other major raw materials and components -- Summary.
4. The basic concept of design -- Selection of number of turns -- Selection of the core diameter -- Selection of winding wires and strips -- Calculation of size of a high-voltage conductor -- Calculation of size of a low-voltage conductor -- Transposition -- Process flow chart -- Summary -- 5. Design of a 100 kva transformer -- Proposed specification -- Primary coil -- Secondary coil -- Core diameter -- Step width -- Core stack -- Core area -- Flux density -- Coil diameter and core limb centre -- Core details -- Approximate weight of core -- Step-wise weight calculation of core -- Winding details -- Coil assembly -- Weight of lv and hv aluminium -- Winding resistance and load loss -- No-load loss -- No-load current -- Percentage reactance, resistance and impedance -- Ratio error at different tap positions -- Efficiency -- Maximum efficiency -- Regulations -- Performance figures -- Design outputs -- The design of tank -- Radiators -- Weight of tank -- Core fittings, tie rods and core studs -- Volume of oil -- Overall weights and dimensions -- Preparation of drawings and gtp -- Conclusion -- Summary -- 6. Design of the 630 kva transformer -- Proposed specification -- Primary coil (connected in delta) -- Secondary coil (connection star) -- Core diameter -- Step width -- Core stack -- Core area -- Flux density -- Coil diameter and core limb centre -- Core details -- Approximate weight of core -- Stepwise weight calculation of core -- Winding details -- Coil assembly specification -- Weight of lv and hv copper -- Winding resistance and load loss -- No-load loss -- No-load current -- Percentage reactance, resistance and impedance -- Ratio error at different tap positions -- Efficiency -- Maximum efficiency -- Regulations -- Performance figures -- Design outputs -- Design of tank -- Radiators -- Weight of tank -- Non-magnetic welding -- Core fittings, tie rods and core studs -- Volume of oil -- Overall weights and dimensions -- Preparation of drawings and gtp -- Conclusion -- Summary -- 7. Design of the 5 mva, 33/11 kv transformer -- Proposed specification -- Selection of primary and secondary conductor -- Number of turns -- Disc details of coils -- Core diameter -- Formation of lv coil -- Formation of hv coil -- Amp-turns balancing -- Core details -- Winding specification -- Weight of secondary and primary windings -- Winding resistances and load loss -- No-load loss -- No-load current -- Percentage reactance, resistance and impedance -- Efficiency -- Regulations -- Performance figures -- Design output -- Design of tank -- Radiators -- Conclusion -- Summary.
8. The design concept of distribution transformers under repair contract -- Basic requirement -- Basic input of design -- Progress of designing a repair transformer -- Design procedure -- Lv and hv conductor weight -- Placement of hv coil -- Calculation of winding resistances and load loss -- Impedance -- No-load loss -- Winding specification and assembly details -- Other aspects of design -- Cleaning of crgo laminations and tank -- Final assembly and testing -- Summary -- 9. The basic concept of computer-aided design -- Basic concept of computer-aided design -- Who all can handle computer-aided design -- Specified-need of the specification -- Implied-needs of the specification -- Computer programming -- Variable inputs -- Review of the figures which are fed as variable inputs -- Operation -- Non-converging -- Design output -- Design modification -- Other aspects of the design -- Design validation -- Design package -- Computer design print-out -- Summary -- 10. Dry-type distribution transformers with polyesterimide vpi (a new concept in india) -- Introduction -- Dry-type transformer -- Insulation system -- Impregnant -- Vpi plant requirements -- Economic impregnation -- Application of dry-type transformer -- Summary -- 11. Process control -- Introduction -- Role of the machine -- Machine maintenance -- Role of materials -- Role of men -- The manufacturing process -- Inprocess inspection -- Proto-type results -- Summary -- 12. Schedule of tests and their procedures -- A schedule of tests -- Procedure of tests -- Test sl. No. 1: separate source power frequency test on hv and lv winding (routine test) -- Test sl. No. 2: induced over voltage test (routine test) -- Test sl. No. 3: insulation resistance of hv and lv windings (routine test) -- Test sl. No. 4: di-electric value of insulating oil (acceptance test) -- Test sl. No. 5: measurement of winding resistance (routine test) -- Test sl. No. 6: measurement of no-load loss and no-load current (routine test) -- Test sl. No. 7: measurement of load loss and impedance (routine test) -- Test sl. No. 8: voltage ratio and phase relationship (routine test) -- Test sl.no.9: temperature rise test (type test) -- Test sl. No. 10: lightning impulse test (type test) -- Test sl. No. 11: requirement and procedure with regard to ability to withstand short-circuit test (special test) -- Test sl. No. 12: un-balance current on lv neutral (special test) -- Test sl. No. 13: zero sequence impedance (special test) -- Test sl. No. 14: magnetic balance test (special test) -- Test sl. No. 15: measurement of noise level (special test) -- Conclusion -- Summary.
13. User's installation and instruction manual for transformers in services -- Introduction -- Installation -- Oil -- Drying of transformer at site -- Gasket and gasket joints -- Cable box -- Conservator -- Silicagel breather -- Explosion vent -- Buchholz relay -- Temperature indicator -- Off-circuit tap switch -- Earthing -- Minimum acceptable insulation resistance -- Painting -- Completion of erection work -- Parallel operation -- Testing and commissioning -- Check list before commissioning -- Energising -- Maintenance -- Summary -- 14. Draft specification for 25, 63 and 100 kva, 11/0.433 kv aluminium-wound conventional distribution transformers -- Scope -- Applicable standard -- Rating -- Rated frequency -- Taps -- Permissible flux density and over-fluxing -- Current density -- No-load voltage ratio -- Transformer oil -- Winding connections and vectors -- Rating and terminal marking plate -- Limits of temperature rise -- Losses and impedance -- Insulation level -- Constructional features -- Tank construction -- Silicagel breather -- Gaskets -- Location of thermometer pocket -- Surface preparation and painting -- Core material and its construction -- Base mounting arrangement -- Clearances -- Test and inspection -- Procedure of inspection -- Submittals -- Tolerances -- Deviation -- Preference -- Quality assurance plan -- List of fittings and accessories -- Schedule of guaranteed technical particulars for 25, 63 and 100 kva, 11/0.433 kv, aluminium-wound transformers -- Summary -- 15. Nature of failures and their causes -- Introduction -- Type of failure -- Causes of failure -- Analysis of faults -- Cause of failure due to fault in the magnetic circuit -- Cause of failure due to failure in the electric circuit -- Failure due to external short-circuit -- Summary -- 16. Conclusion -- Annexure?a -- 17. Annexure?b -- Short-circuit test.
"Basic materials and their processing included; Design specs of 100 KVA, 630 KVA, 5MVA, 33/11 KV transformers covered; Process control based on ISO 9000, test, nature of failures and their causes discussed."-- Cover
Electronic reproduction. New York, N.Y. : McGraw Hill, 2002. Mode of access: World Wide Web. System requirements: Web browser. Access may be restricted to users at subscribing institutions.
Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
New York, N.Y. : McGraw-Hill Education, 2002