http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
The cases of Standard Chartered v. Directorate of Enforcement (2005), Iridium India v. Motorola Inc. & Ors. (2011), and Sunil Bharti Mittal v. Central Bureau of Investigation represent a significant development in India's corporate criminal liability jurisprudence. Standard Chartered reconciled mandatory imprisonment (as prescribed for punishing many offences under Indian law) with the impossibility of imprisoning corporations; Iridium explained whether corporations are capable of committing crimes which require intent (mens rea); and Sunil Bharti Mittal clarified whether the liability of a corporation for a criminal act can be attributed to its directors/promoters.
Originally Published InMohan, M. (2019). Corporate Criminal Liability in India. IIMA/BP0438. Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad.