Cover Image

Handbook of offshore oil and gas operations /

Show other versions (1)

Handbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations is an authoritative source providing extensive up-to-date coverage of the technology used in the exploration, drilling, production, and operations in an offshore setting. Offshore oil and gas activity is growing at an expansive rate and this must-have trai...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Speight, James G (Author)
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: Amsterdam ; Boston : Waltham, MA : Elsevier ; Gulf Professional Publishing, 2015.
Edition:First edition.
Subjects:
Offshore oil well drilling.
Petroleum > Transportation.
Petroleum pipelines > Maintenance and repair.
Oil spills > Prevention.
Gas well drilling.
Gas well drilling > Environmental aspects.
Natural gas > Transportation.
Natural gas pipelines > Maintenance and repair.
Pétrole > Puits > Forage offshore.
Pétrole > Transport.
Pétrole > Pipelines > Entretien et réparations.
Déversements de pétrole > Prévention.
Gaz naturel > Puits > Forage.
Gaz naturel > Puits > Forage > Aspect de l'environnement.
Gaz naturel > Transport.
Gaz naturel > Pipelines > Entretien et réparations.
Table of Contents:
  • 1 Occurrence and Formation of Crude Oil and Natural Gas 1
  • 1.1 Introduction 1
  • 1.2 Offshore Oil and Gas 3
  • 1.3 Formation and Accumulation 9
  • 1.3.1 Formation 9
  • 1.3.2 Accumulation 10
  • 1.3.3 Composition 14
  • 1.4 Definition of Oil and Gas 16
  • 1.4.1 Conventional Crude Oil 16
  • 1.4.2 Natural Gas 17
  • 1.4.3 Gas Condensate 19
  • 1.4.4 Gas Hydrates 20
  • 1.4.5 Opportunity Crudes 22
  • 1.4.6 High Acid Crudes 23
  • 1.4.7 Foamy Oil 24
  • 1.4.8 Heavy Oil 25
  • 1.4.9 Extra Heavy Oil 26
  • 1.4.10 Tar Sand Bitumen 26
  • 1.4.11 Resources and Reserves 28
  • References 39
  • 2 Offshore Geology and Operations 45
  • 2.1 Introduction 45
  • 2.2 Strata, Sediments, and Basins 48
  • 2.3 The Crust 49
  • 2.3.1 Continental Crust 50
  • 2.3.2 Oceanic Crust 51
  • 2.4 Basins 53
  • 2.5 Geochemistry and Mineralogy 55
  • 2.5.1 Detrital Minerals 57
  • 2.5.2 Biogenic Minerals 53
  • 2.5.3 Authigenic Minerals 58
  • 2.5.4 Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits 59
  • 2.5.5 Sedimentary Organic Matter 59
  • 2.6 Drilling and Recovery 60
  • 2.6.1 Historical Perspectives 60
  • 2.6.2 Modern Perspectives 64
  • 2.7 Offshore Drilling and Production 66
  • References 68
  • 3 Offshore Platforms 71
  • 3.1 Introduction 71
  • 3.2 Drilling Operations and Drilling Platforms 72
  • 3.2.1 Drilling Barges and Drillships 74
  • 3.2.2 Jackup Rig 75
  • 3.2.3 Semisubmersible Rig 77
  • 3.2.4 Submersible Rig 80
  • 3.3 Offshore Production Platforms 80
  • 3.3.1 Compliant Tower 82
  • 3.3.2 Condeep Platform 85
  • 3.3.3 Fixed Platform 86
  • 3.3.4 Floating Production System 89
  • 3.3.5 SPAR Platform 91
  • 3.3.6 Subsea Production Systems 93
  • 3.3.7 Tension-Leg Platform 96
  • 3.3.8 Other Installations 98
  • 3.3.8.1 Unmanned Installations 98
  • 3.3.8.2 Storage 99
  • 3.4 Platform Maintenance 100
  • 3.4.1 Risers 100
  • 3.4.2 Maintenance and Supply 103
  • 3.4.3 Personnel 103
  • References 104
  • 4 Exploration 107
  • 4.1 Introduction 107
  • 4.2 Methods 111
  • 4.2.1 Gravity Methods 113
  • 4.2.2 Magnetic Methods 114
  • 4.2.3 Seismic Methods 115
  • 4.2.4 Electrical Methods 118
  • 4.2.5 Electromagnetic Methods 120
  • 4.2.6 Other Methods 121
  • 4.2.7 Data Acquisition 123
  • 4.3 Exploration Vessels 124
  • References 125
  • 5 Drilling Technology and Well Completion 127
  • 5.1 Introduction 127
  • 5.2 Drilling 128
  • 5.2.1 Drilling Ships and Drilling Rigs 134
  • 5.2.2 Top Drive Drilling 135
  • 5.2.3 Dual Derricks 138
  • 5.2.4 Directional and Horizontal Drilling 139
  • 5.2.5 Multilateral Drilling Technology 142
  • 5.3 Salt Deposits 142
  • 5.4 Well Completion 143
  • References 148
  • 6 Production 149
  • 6.1 Introduction 149
  • 6.2 Subsea Production 154
  • 6.2.1 Subsea Facilities 154
  • 6.2.2 Shallow Water Facilities 160
  • 6.2.3 Deep Water Facilities 161
  • 6.2.4 Arctic Environments 167
  • 6.2.5 Subsea Processing 168
  • 6.2.6 Subsea Intervention 169
  • 6.3 Recovery 169
  • 6.3.1 Primary Recovery 172
  • 6.3.2 Secondary Recovery 174
  • 6.3.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery 176
  • 6.3.3.1 Chemical Methods 178
  • 6.3.3.2 Thermal Methods 181
  • 6.3.4 Acidizing 183
  • 6.3.5 Offshore EOR 184
  • 6.4 Risks and Environmental Effects 185
  • 6.5 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Treatment 185
  • References 188
  • 7 Transportation 191
  • 7.1 Introduction 191
  • 7.2 Pipelines 193
  • 7.2.1 Installation 194
  • 7.2.2 Maintenance 201
  • 7.2.2.1 Chemical Treatment 202
  • 7.2.2.2 The of Pigs 203
  • 7.2.2.3 Corrosion Control 204
  • 7.3 Tankers 205
  • 7.3.1 Types of Tankers 208
  • 7.3.2 Tanker Demand and Supply 208
  • 7.3.3 Consolidation 209
  • 7.3.4 Focus on Safety 210
  • References 211
  • 8 Corrosion 213
  • 8.1 Introduction 214
  • 8.2 Offshore Corrosion 218
  • 8.2.1 Offshore Structures 219
  • 8.2.2 Stainless Steel 222
  • 8.2.3 Carbon Steel 224
  • 8.2.4 Copper Base Alloys 224
  • 8.2.5 Corrosion by Polluted Water 225
  • 8.3 Corrosion Control 226
  • 8.3.1 Platforms 227
  • 8.3.1.1 Hull Components 227
  • 8.3.1.2 Tanks 228
  • 8.3.1.3 Riser Systems 229
  • 8.3.1.4 Other Areas 230
  • 8.3.2 Pipelines 231
  • 8.4 Corrosion Monitoring 232
  • 8.4.1 Drill Pipe 234
  • 8.4.2 Casing and Tubing 235
  • 8.4.3 Pipelines 235
  • 8.5 Monitoring Methods 236
  • 8.5.1 Corrosion Coupons 237
  • 8.5.2 ER Methods 238
  • 8.5.3 Field Signature Methods 240
  • 8.5.4 LPR Monitoring 241
  • 8.5.5 Galvanic Monitoring 241
  • 8.5.6 Other Methods 242
  • 8.5.6.1 Hydrogen Penetration Monitoring 242
  • 8.5.6.2 Radiography 243
  • 8.5.6.3 Biological Monitoring 243
  • 8.5.6.4 Sand/Erosion Monitoring 243
  • 8.5.6.5 Real-Time Monitoring 243
  • 8.6 Corrosion Control and Inhibition 246
  • 8.7 Assessment of Damage Remaining Life 254
  • References 255
  • 9 Environmental Impact 257
  • 9.1 Introduction 258
  • 9.2 Pollution 260
  • 9.2.1 Causes of Pollution 261
  • 9.2.2 Entry into the Environment 261
  • 9.2.3 Types of Pollutants 263
  • 9.2.3.1 Ballast Water 263
  • 9.2.3.2 Offshore Installations 263
  • 9.2.3.3 Seismic Surveys 267
  • 9.2.3.4 Drilling Mud and Drill Cuttings 267
  • 9.2.4 Produced Water 272
  • 9.2.5 Other Wastes 273
  • 9.3 Oil Spills 274
  • 9.3.1 Drilling and Production Accidents 274
  • 9.3.2 Platform and Terminal Accidents 275
  • 9.3.3 Tanker Accidents 275
  • 9.3.4 Other Accidents 276
  • 9.4 Impact of Oil on the Ocean 276
  • 9.4.1 Chemical and Physical Changes 277
  • 9.4.1.1 Aggregation 279
  • 9.4.1.2 Biodegradation 280
  • 9.4.1.3 Dispersion 281
  • 9.4.1.4 Dissolution 282
  • 9.4.1.5 Emulsification 283
  • 9.4.1.6 Evaporation 283
  • 9.4.17 Microbial degradation 284
  • 9.4.1.8 Oxidation and Weathering 285
  • 9.4.1.9 Physical Transport 285
  • 9.4.1.10 Sedimentation 286
  • 9.4.1.11 Self-purification 286
  • 9.4.1.12 Spreading 287
  • 9.4.2 Persistent Oil and Nonpersistent Oil 287
  • 9.5 Impact of Natural Gas on the Ocean 289
  • 9.5.1 Composition 289
  • 9.5.2 Toxicity 291
  • 9.6 Atmospheric Emissions 292
  • 9.7 Environmental Management 293
  • 9.7.1 Hurricanes 293
  • 9.7.2 Decommissioning 294
  • 9.8 Present Trends 293
  • References 300
  • 10 Legislation and The Future 305
  • 10.1 Introduction 305
  • 10.2 Environmental Regulations 307
  • 10.2.1 Environmental Legislation 307
  • 10.2.2 Maritime Oil Transport 309
  • 10.2.2.1 Historical Perspective 310
  • 10.2.2.2 Discharge of Oily Wastes 312
  • 10.2.2.3 Prevention of Accidental Pollution 313
  • 10.3 The Law of the Sea 313
  • 10.4 Coastal Zone Management 318
  • 10.5 The Future 319
  • 10.5.1 Safety Management 322
  • 10.5.2 Environmental Risk Management 322
  • 10.5.3 Recovery and Processing Options 326
  • 10.5.4 Materials of Construction 327
  • References 328.