International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals /

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Authors:	International Association of Ports and Harbors, International Chamber of Shipping, Oil Companies International Marine Forum
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	London : Witherby's, 2006.
Edition:	5th ed.
Subjects:	Tankers > Safety measures. Petroleum shipping terminals > Safety measures. Terminaux pétroliers > Sécurité > Mesures.

Table of Contents:

Part 1: general information
Basic properties of petroleum
Vapour [vapor] pressure
True vapour [vapor] pressure
Reid vapour [vapor] pressure
Flammability
Flammable limits
Effect of inert gas on flammability
Tests for flammability
Flashpoint
Flammability classification of petroleum
Hazards of petroleum
Flammability
Density
Toxicity
Liquid petroleum
Petroleum gases
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
Mercaptans
Gasolines containing Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) or Tetramethyl Lead (TML)
inert gas
Oxygen deficiency
Gas Measurement
Measurement of hydrocarbon concentration
Flammable gas monitors (explosimeters)
Non-catalytic heated filament gas indicators (tankscopes)
Interferometer (refractive index meter)
Infra-red (IR) instruments
Measurements of low concentrations of toxic gases
Fixed gas detection installation
Measurement of oxygen concentrations
Use of oxygen analyzers
Multi-gas instruments
Personal gas monitors
Gas sample lines and sampling procedures
Hydrocarbon gas evolution and dispersion
Gas evolution and venting
Gas dispersion
Variables affecting dispersion
Minimizing hazards from vented gas
Loading very high vapour [vapor] pressure cargoes
Pyrophoric iron sulphide
Pyrophoric oxidation
Formulation of pyrophors
Prevention of pyrophoric ignition in inerted cargo tanks
The hazards associated with the handling, storage and carriage of residual fuel oils
Nature of hazard
Flashpoint and headspace flammability measurement
Precautionary measures
Hydrogen sulphide hazard in residual fuel oils
Static electricity
Principles of electrostatics
Charge separation
Charge accumulation
Electrostatic discharge
Electrostatic properties of gases and mists
General precautions against electrostatic hazards
Bonding
Avoiding loose conductive objects
Other sources of electrostatic hazards
Filters
Fixed equipment in cargo tanks
Free fall in tanks
Water mists
Inert gas
Discharge of carbon dioxide
Clothing and footwear
Synthetic materials
General hazards for ship and terminal
General principles
Control of potential ignition sources
Naked lights
Smoking
Galley stoves and cooking appliances
Engine and boiler rooms
Portable electrical equipment
Lamps and other electrical equipment on fixed cables (wandering leads)
Air driven lamps
Torches (flashlights), lamps and portable battery powered equipment
Cameras
Other portable electrical equipment
Management of electrical equipment and installations in dangerous areas
Dangerous and hazardous areas
Electrical equipment
Inspection and maintenance of electrical equipment
Electrical repairs, maintenance and test work at terminals
Usage of tools
Grit blasting and mechanically powered tools
hand tools
Equipment made of aluminum
Cathodic protection anodes in cargo tanks
Communications equipment
Ship's radio equipment
Ship's radar equipment
Automatic identification systems (AIS)
Telephones
Mobile telephones
Pagers
Spontaneous combustion
Auto-ignition
Asbestos
Fire-fighting
Theory of fire-fighting
Types of fire and appropriate extinguishing agents
Class A: ordinary (solid) combustible material fires
Class B: fires involving flammable and combustible hydrocarbon liquids
Class C: electrical equipment fires
Class D: combustible metal fires
Extinguishing agents
Cooling agents
Smothering agents
Flame inhibiting agents
Security
Security assessments
Responsibilities under the ISPS code
Security plans.
Part 2: tanker information
Shipboard systems
Fixed inert gas systems
Sources of inert gas
Compositions and quality of inert gas
Methods of replacing tank atmospheres
Cargo tank atmosphere control
Application to cargo tank operations
Precautions to be taken to avoid health hazards
Cargo tank protection against over/under-pressure
Emergency inert gas supply
Product carriers fitted with an inert gas system
Cold weather precautions for inert gas systems
Inert gas system failure
Inert gas plant repairs
Venting systems
Tank over-pressurisation [pressurization] and under-pressurisation [pressurization]
Cargo and ballast systems
Operation manual
Cargo and ballast system integrity
Loading rates
Monitoring of void and ballast spaces
Power and propulsion systems
Vapour [vapor] Emission Control (VEC) systems
Stern loading and discharging arrangements
Ship's equipment
Shipboard fire-fighting equipment
Tanker fixed fire-fighting installations: cooling
Tanker fixed fire-fighting installations: smothering
Portable fire extinguishers
Gas testing equipment
Summary of gas testing tanks
The provision of gas measuring instruments
Alarm functions on gas measuring instruments
Sampling lines
Calibration
Operational testing and inspection
Disposable personal gas monitors
Lifting equipment
Inspection and maintenance
Training
Management of safety and emergencies
The International Safety Management (ISM) Code
Safety management systems
Risk assessment
Permit to work systems
Permit to work systems: structure
Permit to work systems: principles of operation
Permit to work forms
Work planning meetings
Hot work
Control of hot work
Hot work inside a designated space
Hot work outside a designated space
Hot work in dangerous or hazardous areas
Welding and burning equipment
Other hazardous tanks
Management of contractors
Repairs at a facility other than a shipyard
Supervision and control
Pre-arrival planning
Mooring arrangements
Shore facilities
Pre-work safety meeting
Work permits
Tank condition
Cargo lines
Fire-fighting precautions
Safety officer
Hot work
Shipboard emergency management
Tanker emergency plan
Actions in the event of an emergency
Enclosed spaces
Definition and general caution
Hazards of enclosed spaces
Assessment of risk
Respiratory hazards
Hydrocarbon vapours [vapors]
Toxic gases
Oxygen deficiency
Products of inert gas
Atmosphere tests prior to entry
Control of entry into enclosed spaces
Safeguards for enclosed space entry
Emergency procedures
Evacuation from enclosed spaces
Rescue from enclosed spaces
Resuscitation
Entry into enclosed spaces with atmospheres known or suspected to be unsafe for entry
Respiratory protective equipment
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
Air Line Breathing Apparatus
Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD)
Cartridge or canister face masks
Hose Mask (Fresh Air Breathing Apparatus
Equipment maintenance
Stowage
Training
Work in enclosed spaces
General requirements
Opening equipment and fittings
Use of tools
Use of electric lights and electrical equipment
Removal of sludge, scale and sediment
Work boats
Pumproom entry precautions
Ventilation
Pumproom entry procedures
Pumproom operational precautions
General precautions
Cargo and ballast line draining procedures
Routine maintenance and housekeeping issues
Maintenance of electrical equipment in the pumproom
Inspection and maintenance of pumproom ventilation fans
Testing of alarms and trips
Miscellaneous
Shipboard operations
Cargo operations
Setting of lines and vales
Valve operation
Pressure surges
Butterfly and non-return (check) valves
Loading procedures
Loading static accumulator oils
Loading very high vapour [vapor] pressure cargoes
Loading cargoes containing hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
Loading cargoes containing benzene
Loading heated products
Loading over the top (sometimes known as 'Loading Overall')
Loading at terminals having Vapour [Vapor] Emission Control (VEC) Systems
Discharging procedures
Pipeline and hose clearing following cargo operations
Stability, stress, trim and sloshing consideration
Free surface effects
Heavy weather ballast
Loading and discharging planning
Tank cleaning
Tank washing risk management
Supervision and preparation
Tank atmospheres
Tank washing
Precautions for tank washing
Gas Freeing
Gas free for entry without breathing apparatus
Procedures and precautions
Gas testing and measurement
Fixed gas freeing equipment
Portable fans
Ventilating double hull ballast tanks
Gas freeing in preparation for hot work
Crude oil washing
Advance notice
Tank washing machines
Control of tank atmosphere
Precautions against leakage from the washing systems
Avoidance of oil and water mixtures
Isolation of the tank cleaning heater
Control of vapour [vapor] emissions
Supervision
Cautionary notice
Ballast operations
Loading cargo tank ballast
Loading segregated ballast
Deballasting in port
Discharging segregated ballast
Ballast water exchange at sea
Discharging cargo tank ballast at sea
Cargo leakage into double hull tanks
Action to be taken
Inerting double hull tanks
Cargo measurement, ullaging, dipping and sampling
Measuring and sampling non-inerted tanks
Measuring and sampling inerted tanks
Measuring and sampling cargoes containing toxic substances
Closed gauging for custody transfer
Transfers between vessels
Ship-to-ship transfers
Ship-to-barge and barge-to-ship transfers
Ship-to-ship transfers using vapour [vapor] balancing
Ship-to-ship transfers using terminal facilities
Ship-to-ship electric currents
Carriage and storage of hazardous materials
Liquefied gases
Ship's stores
Paint
Chemicals
Cleaning liquids
Spare gear storage
Cargo and bunker supplies
Other materials
Sawdust, oil absorbent granules and pads
Garbage
Packaged cargoes
Petroleum and other flammable liquids
Dangerous goods
Entry into holds
Portable electrical equipment
Smothering type fire extinguishing systems
Fire-fighting precautions
Forecastle spaces and midship stores
Deck Cargo
Barges
Human element considerations
Manning levels
Training and experience
Hours of rest
Statutory requirements
Fatigue
Drug and alcohol policy
Industry guidelines
Control of alcohol
Drug and alcohol testing programmes [programs]
Drug trafficking
Employment practices
Special ship types
Combination carriers
General guidance
Types of combinations carriers
Slack holds in combination carriers
Sloshing
Longitudinal stress
Venting of cargo holds
Inert gas
Hatch covers
Tanking washing
Carriage of slops when trading as a dry bulk carrier
Leakage into ballast tanks on combination carriers
Testing of cargo tanks and enclosed spaces on dry bulk voyages
Cargo changeover check-lists
LPG carriers carrying petroleum products
Product limitations
Pre-loading preparations
Loading of pentane plus or naphtha
Cargo sampling
Loading, carriage and discharge procedures
Tank cleaning and changeover procedures.
Part 3: terminal information
Terminal management and organisation [organization]
Compliance
Hazard identification and risk management
Operating manual
Terminal information and port regulations
Supervision and control
Manning levels
De-manning of berths during cargo handling
Checks on quantity during cargo handling
Training
Ship and berth compatibility
Maximum draught
Maximum displacement
Length overall (LOA)
Other criteria
Documentation
Terminal operations
Pre-arrival communications
Mooring equipment
Limiting conditions for operations
Ship/shore access
provision of ship/shore access
Access equipment
Siting of gangways
Safety nets
Routine maintenance
Unauthorised (unauthorized) persons
Persons smoking or intoxicated
Double banking
Over the tide cargo operations
Discharging over the tide
Loading over the tide
Operations where the ship is not always afloat
Generation of pressure surges in pipelines
Generation of a pressure surge
Assessment of pressure surges
Effective valve closure time
Derivation of total pressure in the system
Overall system design
Reduction of pressure surge hazard
General precautions
Limitation of flow rate to avoid risk of a damaging pressure surge
Pipeline flow control as a static precaution
Flow control requirements
Controlling loading rates
Discharge into shore installations
Terminal systems and equipment
Electrical equipment
Fendering
Lifting Equipment
inspection and maintenance
Training in the use of equipment
Lighting
Ship/shore electrical isolation
Ship-to-shore electric currents
Sea islands
Ship/shore bonding cables
Insulating flange
Earthing and bonding practice in the terminal
Cargo transfer equipment
Metal cargo arms
Operating envelope
Forces on manifolds
Tanker manifold restrictions
Inadvertent filling of arms while parked
Ice formation
Mechanical couplers
Wind forces
Precautions when connecting and disconnecting arms
Precautions while arms are connected
Powered Emergency Release Couplings (PERCs)
Cargo hoses
Types and applications
Performance
Marking
Flow velocities
Inspection, testing and maintenance requirements for dock cargo hoses
Hose flange standards
Operating conditions
Extended storage
Checks before hose handling
Handling, lifting and suspending
Adjustment during cargo handling operations
Submarine and floating hose strings
Vapour [Vapor] Emission Control Systems
Safety and fire protection
Safety
Design considerations
Safety management
permit to work systems
general considerations
Marine terminal fire protection
Fire prevention and isolation
Fire detection and alarm systems
Automatic detection systems
Selection of fire detectors
Location and spacing of fire detectors
Fixed combustible and toxic gas detectors
Locating fixed combustible and toxic gas detectors
Fixed combustible and toxic gas analysers [analyzers]
Fire extinguishing system compatibility
Alert and signalling systems
Types of alarm systems
Types of signal
Alarm and signalling systems design
Alternative alarm and signalling system design
Interface between detection systems and alarm or fire extinguishing systems
circuit design
Electronic power sources
Detection and alarm systems at terminals handling crude oil and petroleum products
Control rooms/ control buildings
Fire-fighting equipment
Terminal fire-fighting equipment
Portable and wheeled fire extinguishers and monitors
Terminal fixed fire-fighting equipment
Water-borne fire-fighting equipment
Protective clothing
Access for fire-fighting services
Emergency preparedness
Terminal emergency planning
plan components and procedures
Preparation
Control
Communications and alarms
Site plans and maps
Access to equipment
Road traffic movement and control
Outside services
Training for emergencies
Definition and hierarchy of emergencies
Hierarchy of emergencies
Assessing risks
Terminal emergency plan
Format
Preparation
Resource availability
miscellaneous organisational [organizational] items
Emergency removal of tanker from berth
Emergency evacuation
Ship evacuation
Non-essential personnel
Evacuation and personnel escape routes
Primary and secondary escape routes
Protection of personnel
Boat access
Availability of rescue craft
Life saving appliances
Survival craft
Training and drills.
Part 4: management of the tanker and terminal interface
Communications
Procedures and precautions
Communications equipment
Communication procedures
Compliance with terminal and local regulations
Pre-arrival exchange of information
Exchange of security information
Tanker to appropriate competent authority
Tanker to terminal
Terminal to tanker
Pre-berthing exchange of information
Tanker to terminal and/or port
Terminal and/or pilot to tanker
Pre-transfer exchange of information
Tanker to terminal
Terminal to tanker
Agreed loading plan
Agreed discharge plan
Agreement to carry out repairs
Repairs on the tanker
Repairs on the terminal
Use of tools whilst [while] a tanker is alongside a terminal
Mooring
Personnel safety
Security of moorings
Preparations for arrival
Tanker's mooring equipment
Use of tugs
Mooring at jetty berths
Type and quality of mooring lines
Management of moorings at alongside berths
Berthing at buoy moorings
Mooring at conventional multi-buoy moorings
Mooring at Single Point Moorings (SPMs)
Management of moorings at buoy berths
Precautions on ship and terminal during cargo handling
External openings in superstructures
Central air conditioning and ventilation systems
Openings in cargo tanks
Cargo tank lids
Sighting and ullage ports
Cargo tank vent outlets
Tank washing openings
Inspection of ship's cargo tanks before loading
Segregated ballast tank lids
Ship and shore cargo connections
Flange connections
Removal of blank flanges
Reducers and spools
Lighting
Emergency release
Accidental oil spillage and leakage
Sea and overboard discharge valves
Scupper plugs
Spill containment
Ship and shore cargo and bunker pipelines not in use
Fire-fighting equipment
Proximity to other vessels
Tankers at adjacent berths
General cargo ships at adjacent berths
Tanker operations at general cargo berths
Tugs and other craft alongside
Notices
Notices on tanker
Notices on the terminal
Manning requirements
Control of naked flames and other potential ignition sources
Control of vehicles and other equipment
Helicopter operations
Bunkering operations
Bunkering procedures
The bunkering operation
The bunkering safety check-list
Guidelines for use
Bunkering safety check-list
Safety management
Climatic conditions
Terminal advice of adverse weather conditions
Wind conditions
Electrical storms (lightning)
Personnel safety
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Slip and fall hazards
Personal hygiene
Clothing made of synthetic materials
The ship/shore safety check-list
Example safety letter
Guidelines for completing the ship/shore safety check-list
Emergency actions
Fire or explosion on a berth
Fire on a tanker at a terminal
International shore fire connection
Emergency release procedures
Emergency towing-off pennants.