http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
This concise, much needed guide takes readers step by step through planning and executing field work associated with many different types of remote sensing projects. Remote sensing texts and research reports typically focus on data-analytic techniques while offering a dearth of information on procedures followed in the field. In contrast, this book provides clear recommendations for defining field work objectives, devising a valid sampling plan, finding locations using GPS, and selecting and using effective measurement techniques for field reflectance spectra and for studies of vegetation, soils, water, and urban areas. Appendices feature sample field note forms, an extensive bibliography on advanced and specialized methods, and online metadata sources.
1. Problems and Objectives in Remote Sensing Field Work -- 1.1. Problems Encountered in Field Work -- Problem 1: Lack of Clear Objectives for the Project -- Problem 2: Lack of a Valid Sampling Plan -- Problem 3: Difficulty in Dealing with Scale Differences -- Problem 4: Errors in Location -- Problem 5: Inappropriate Observations and Measurements -- Problem 6: Inadequate Reference Materials -- 1.2. Defining Objectives -- Components of a Statement of Objectives -- A Statement of Objectives -- 1.3. Planning Field Work Based on Objectives Statement -- Field Work before Overflight -- Field Work during or Near the Time of Overflight -- Field Work Done after Overflight -- 2. Sampling in the Field -- 2.1. Sampling from Aerial Photographs or Thematic Maps -- 2.2. Timing of Observations -- 2.3. Sampling Patterns -- Simple Random Pattern Stratified Random Pattern -- Systematic Pattern -- Systematic Unaligned Pattern -- Clustered Pattern -- Purposive or Judgmental Sampling -- 2.4. Comments on Sampling Practicalities -- 2.5. Number of Samples -- Training Sites -- Accuracy Assessment Sites -- 2.6. Size of Sample Sites -- 2.7. Where to Begin Measurements -- 3. Finding Locations in the Field -- 3.1. Overview of Location-Finding Using GPS -- Single-Point Location -- Differential Location Measurements -- Sources of System Error -- Errors That Can Be Avoided -- 3.2. Preparation for GPS Field Work -- Choice of Maps -- Choice of Coordinate System -- Locational Accuracy -- Selecting an Optimum Time for Field Work -- Establishing Control Points in a Field Area -- Georeferenced Image -- Site Characteristics -- Summary of Field Survey Planning -- 3.3. Procedures in the Field with GPS -- Awareness of Error Sources -- Initializing the GPS Receiver -- Visiting Control Sites -- Navigating to Positions -- GPS Note Taking in the Field -- Summary of Field Procedures 4. Field Spectroscopy -- 4.1. Fundamentals of Reflectance -- Bidirectional Reflectance Factor -- 4.2. Uses of Field Spectra in Image Analysis -- Creation of a Spectral Library -- Selection of Wavelengths and Seasons -- Modeling -- Spectral Mixing and Unmixing -- Spectral Characterization of Biophysical Features -- 4.3. Assumptions When Measuring Reflectance Spectra -- Assumption 1: The FOV of the Sensor Is Known -- Assumption 2: The Reference Panel Fills the FOV -- Assumption 3: The Target Fills the FOV -- Assumption 4: Irradiance Is Constant While Measuring Both the Reference Panel and the Target -- Assumption 5: Direct Solar Irradiance Is the Dominant Source of Energy Incident on the Target -- Assumption 6: The Sensor Has a Linear Response to Changes in Radiation -- Assumption 7: The Reflectances of the Standard Panel at Various Wavelengths Are Known, and They Do Not Change during the Course of Work -- 4.4. Field Procedures for Measuring Reflectance Spectra -- 4.5. Use of Artificial Illumination -- 4.6. Field Notes for Spectral Surveys -- 5. Collecting Thematic Data in the Field -- 5.1. Preliminary Preparation -- 5.2. Reference Information -- Aerial Photography -- Maps -- Metadata -- 5.3. Types of Field Work -- Simple Observations -- Measurements -- 5.4. Field Work Tasks -- Compiling Training Sites -- Identifying Cluster Composition -- Identifying Image Features -- Developing Data for Spectral-Biophysical Models -- 5.5. Selection of Physical Features for Observation or Measurement -- Spectral Response of Surface Materials -- 5.6. Measurement Procedures in the Field -- 5.7. Measurement Error -- 5.8. Note Taking in the Field -- 5.9. Field Preparation Checklist -- 6. Measurement of Vegetation -- 6.1. Spectral Response of Vegetation -- Leaf Pigments -- Leaf Cell Structure Energy Transmission through Leaves -- Plant Moisture Content -- 6.2. Which Biophysical Features to Measure -- General Features -- Detailed Field Data -- 6.3. Timing of Measurements -- Crop Calendar -- Synchronicity of Field and Reference Data -- 6.4. Standardization of Mapping Methods -- 6.5. General Methods of Measuring Vegetation -- Line Intercept Method Quadrats -- Volume/Weight Analysis -- 6.6. Selecting a Measurement Method -- 7. Soil and Other Surface Materials -- 7.1. Spectral Responses of Earth Materials -- Visible Wavelengths -- Reflective Infrared (1,000-2,500 nm) -- 7.2. What Soil Features to Measure -- Lowest Level of Soil Detail -- 7.3. Field Estimates of Soil Characteristics -- Soil Color -- Soil Texture -- Surface Roughness -- Soil Moisture -- Organic Matter -- 7.4. Soil Mapping -- 7.5. Locations of Soil Sample Sites -- 8. Water Bodies and Snow Cover -- 8.1. Spectral Response of Water -- Reflection within Water and at the Surface -- Reflection from the Bottom -- 8.2. What Can Be Detected, Measured, and Mapped in Water? -- 8.3. Timing of Water Measurements -- 8.4. Field Measurements -- Suspended Sediment and Turbidity -- Sampling Plans -- Collecting Suspended Sediment Samples -- Depth Measurements -- 8.5. Spectral Response of Snow -- 8.6. Description of Snow Cover -- 8.7. Measurement of Snow Cover -- Snow Courses -- Making a Snow Survey -- 9. Applying Concepts of Field Work to Urban Projects -- 9.1. Project Objectives -- 9.2. Spectral Response in Urban Areas -- 9.3. Aerial Photographs 9.4. Urban Land Use -- Sampling -- Field Operations -- 9.5. Urban Socioeconomic Studies -- Objectives -- Field Operations 9.6. Urban Hydrology -- Objectives -- Field Operations -- Appendix 1 -- Selected Bibliography on Field Methods and Related Topics Not Cited in the References -- General -- Vegetation -- Agriculture -- Geology and Soils -- Land Use -- Urban -- Water -- Appendix 2 -- Field Note Forms -- Appendix 3 -- Metadata Online Resources -- General Resources for Metadata -- Geospatial Data Converters and Locators -- Sample Metadata -- Metadata Creation Software -- Keyword Thesauri and Attribute Label Definition Sources -- Government Information Locator Service (GILS) -- International Information Locator Service -- References.
Includes bibliographical references and index.