Handbook of analytical techniques /

The "Handbook of Analytical Techniques" serves as a concise, one-stop reference source for every professional, researcher, or student using analytical techniques. All relevant spectroscopic, chromatographic, and electrochemical techniques are described, including chemical and biochemical s...

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Günzler, Helmut, Williams, Alex
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Weinheim ; New York : Wiley-VCH, [2001]
Subjects:	Analytical chemistry > Technique. Chemistry, Analytical > methods. Chimie analytique > Technique. Analytische Chemie ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. METHODOLOGY. HANDBOOKS. Chemistry, Analytic > Technique.
Online Access:	Table of contents Publisher description

Table of Contents:

1. Analytical Chemistry: Purpose and Procedures 1
1.1. Evolution of Analytical Chemistry 1
1.2. Functional Organization of Analytical Chemistry 4
1.3. Analysis Today 5
1.4. Computers 7
1.5. Analytical Tasks and Structures 8
1.6. Definitions and Important Concepts 13
1.7. "Legally Binding Analytical Results" 20
2. Quality Assurance in Instrumentation 23
2.2. Selecting a Vendor 24
2.3. Installation and Operation of Equipment 25
2.4. Qualification of Software and Computer Systems 29
2.5. Routine Maintenance and Ongoing Performance Control 30
2.6. Handing of Defective Instruments 34
3. Chemometrics 37
3.2. Measurements and Statistical Distributions 38
3.3. Statistical Tests 40
3.4. Comparison of Several Measurement Series 44
3.5. Regression and Calibration 45
3.6. Characterization of Analytical Procedures 47
3.7. Signal Processing 49
3.8. Basic Concepts of Multivariate Methods 51
3.9. Factorial Methods 53
3.10. Classification Methods 56
3.11. Multivariate Regression 58
3.12. Multidimensional Arrays 59
4. Weighing 63
4.2. Principle of Magnetic Force Compensation 63
4.3. Automatic and Semiautomatic Calibration 65
4.4. Processing and Computing Functions 66
4.5. Balance Performance 66
4.6. Fitness of a Balance for Its Application 67
4.7. Gravity and Air Buoyancy 67
4.8. Distinction Between Mass and Weight 68
4.9. Qualitative Factors in Weighing 68
4.10. Governmental Regulations and Standardization 69
5. Sampling 71
5.1. Introduction and Terminology 71
5.2. Probability Sampling 72
5.3. Basic Sampling Statistics 73
5.4. Acceptance Sampling 74
6. Sample Preparation for Trace Analysis 77
6.2. Sample Preparation and Digestion in Inorganic Analysis 80
6.3. Sample Preparation in Organic Analysis 96
7. Trace Analysis 109
7.1. Subject and Scope 110
7.2. Fields of Work 110
7.3. Methods of Modern Trace Analysis 111
7.4. Calibration and Validation 113
7.5. Environmental Analysis 117
8. Radionuclides in Analytical Chemistry 127
8.2. Requirements for Analytical Use of Radionuclides 131
8.3. Radiotracers in Methodological Studies 134
8.4. Isotope Dilution Analysis 136
8.5. Radioreagent Methods 140
9. Enzyme and Immunoassays 147
9.1. Enzymatic Analysis Methods 147
9.2. Immunoassays in Analytical Chemistry 158
10. Basic Principles of Chromatography 173
10.2. Historical Development 175
10.3. Chromatographic Systems 176
10.4. Theory of Linear Chromatography 177
10.5. Flow Rate of the Mobile Phase 182
10.6. Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria and Retention 183
10.7. Band Broadening 186
10.8. Qualitative Analysis 189
10.9. Quantitative Analysis 192
10.10. Theory of Nonlinear Chromatography 194
10.11. Reference Material 196
11. Gas Chromatography 199
11.2. Instrumental Modules 201
11.3. Separation System 201
11.4. Choice of Conditions of Analysis 212
11.5. Sample Inlet Systems 215
11.6. Detectors 231
11.7. Practical Considerations in Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 242
11.8. Coupled Systems 244
11.9. Applicability 250
11.10. Recent and Future Developments 254
12. Liquid Chromatography 261
12.2. Equipment 266
12.3. Solvents (Mobile Phase) 283
12.4. Column Packing (Stationary Phase) 285
12.5. Separation Processes 288
12.6. Gradient Elution Technique 297
12.7. Quantitative Analysis 298
12.8. Sample Preparation and Derivatization 301
12.9. Coupling Techniques 305
12.10. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 308
12.11. Affinity Chromatography 316
13. Thin Layer Chromatography 327
13.2. Choice of the Sorbent Layer 327
13.3. Sample Cleanup 330
13.4. Sample Application 332
13.5. Mobile Phase 334
13.6. Development 337
13.7. Visualization 339
13.8. Quantitation 341
14. Electrophoresis 345
14.2. Basic Principles 346
14.3. Electrophoretic Matrices 346
14.4. Discontinuous Electrophoresis 350
14.5. Isoelectric Focusing 351
14.6. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Electrophoresis 355
14.7. Porosity Gradient Gels 355
14.8. Two-Dimensional Maps (Proteome Analysis) 356
14.9. Isotachophoresis 358
14.10. Immunoelectrophoresis 360
14.11. Staining Techniques and Blotting 362
14.12. Immobilized pH Gradients 362
14.13. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 363
14.14. Preparative Electrophoresis 364
15. Structure Analysis by Diffraction 373
15.2. Structure Analysis of Solids 374
15.3. Synchrotron Radiation 412
15.4. Neutron Diffraction 412
15.5. Electron Diffraction 413
15.6. Future Developments 413
16. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy 419
16.2. Theoretical Principles 421
16.3. Optical Components and Spectrometers 430
16.4. Uses of UV--VIS Spectroscopy in Absorption, Fluorescence, and Reflection 443
16.5. Special Methods 452
17. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 465
17.2. Techniques 466
17.3. Basic Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy 470
17.4. Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Organic Compounds 474
17.5. Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy 489
17.6. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 502
18. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy 509
18.2. Principles of Magnetic Resonance 511
18.3. High-Resolution Solution NMR Spectroscopy 514
18.4. NMR of Solids and Heterogeneous Systems 546
18.5. NMR Imaging 547
18.6. ESR Spectroscopy 548
19. Mossbauer Spectroscopy 561
19.2. Principle and Experimental Conditions of Recoil-free Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence 561
19.3. Mossbauer Experiment 564
19.4. Preparation of Mossbauer Source and Absorber 567
19.5. Hyperfine Interactions 568
19.6. Evaluation of Mossbauer Spectra 573
19.7. Selected Applications 574
20. Mass Spectrometry 579
20.2. General Techniques and Definitions 580
20.3. Sample Inlets and Interfaces 585
20.4. Ion Generation 590
20.6. Analyzers 597
20.7. Metastable Ions and Linked Scans 603
20.8. MS/MS Instrumentation 604
20.9. Detectors and Signals 607
20.10. Computer and Data Systems 610
20.11. Applications 613
21. Atomic Spectroscopy 627
21.2. Basic Principles 629
21.3. Spectrometric Instrumentation 642
21.4. Sample Introduction Devices 660
21.5. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 673
21.6. Atomic Emission Spectrometry 688
21.7. Plasma Mass Spectrometry 704
21.8. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry 713
21.9. Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry 716
21.10. Comparison With Other Methods 718
22. Laser Analytical Spectroscopy 727
22.2. Tunable Lasers 730
22.3. Laser Techniques for Elemental Analysis 732
22.4. Laser Techniques for Molecular Analysis 744
22.5. Laser Ablation 750
23. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 753
23.2. Historical Development of X-ray Spectrometry 755
23.3. Relationship Between Wavelength and Atomic Number 755
23.4. Instrumentation 757
23.5. Accuracy 760
23.6. Quantitative Analysis 761
23.7. Trace Analysis 762
23.8. New developments in Instrumentation and Techniques 763
24. Activation Analysis 767
24.2. Neutron Activation Analysis 768
24.3. Photon Activation Analysis 779
24.4. Charged-Particle Activation Analysis 780
24.5. Applications 781
24.6. Evaluation of Activation Analysis 783
25. Analytical Voltammetry and Polarography 785
25.2.a Techniques 788
25.3. Instrumentation 803
25.4. Evaluation and Calculation 808
25.5. Sample Preparation 810
25.6. Supporting Electrolyte Solution 812
25.7. Application to Inorganic and Organic Trace Analysis 814
26. Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 827
26.1. Thermal analysis 827
26.2. Calorimetry 836
27. Surface Analysis 851
27.2. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 854
27.3. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) 874
27.4. Static
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SSIMS) 889
27.5. Ion Scattering Spectroscopies (ISS and RBS) 898
27.6. Scanning Tunneling methods (STM, STS, AFM) 910
27.7. Other Surface Analytical Methods 917
27.8. Summary and Comparison of Techniques 940
27.9. Surface Analytical Equipment Suppliers 940
28. Chemical and Biochemical Sensors 951
28.1. Introduction to the Field of Sensors and Actuators 952
28.2. Chemical Sensors 953
28.3. Biochemical Sensors (Biosensors) 1032
28.4. Actuators and Instrumentation 1051
28.5. Future Trends and Outlook 1052
29. Microscopy 1058
29.1. Modern Optical Microscopy 1061
29.2. Electron Microscopy 1077
30. Techniques for DNA Analysis 1131
30.2. Primary Molecular Tools for DNA Analysis 1133
30.3. Methods of DNA Detection 1135
30.4. Applications of DNA Analysis 1144.