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Practical Rubber Rheology and Dynamic Properties /

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Practical Rubber Rheology and Dynamic Properties provides a unique overview of rubber rheology from a practical perspective. Targeted at rubber practitioners in the rubber industry, it focuses largely on applications of rubber rheology testing to solving industrial problems, rubber compound developm...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Dick, John S. (Author)
Corporate Author: Knovel (Firm)
Other Authors: Pawlowski, Henry
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Munich, Germany : Carl Hanser Verlag, [2023]
Edition:First edition.
Subjects:
Polymers.
Thin films.
Rubber.
Rheology.
Polymères.
Couches minces.
Caoutchouc.
Rhéologie.
polymers.
rubber (material)
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • The Authors
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • 1 Overview of Rubber Rheology and Dynamic Property Tests
  • 1.1 Introduction to the Uniqueness of Rubber Rheology
  • 1.2 Basic Tensile Testing
  • 1.3 Hardness Testing
  • 1.4 Density
  • 1.5 Mooney Viscosity
  • 1.6 ODR Curemeter
  • 1.7 Capillary Rheometer
  • 1.8 Moving Die Rheometer (MDR)
  • 1.9 Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA)
  • 1.10 Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA)
  • 1.11 Flex Fatigue Testers
  • 1.12 Flexometer Delta T
  • 1.13 Measuring Dispersion
  • 1.14 Other Relevant Rubber Tests
  • 1.14.1 Compression Plastimeters
  • 1.14.2 Tear Properties
  • 1.14.3 Electrical Conductivity Properties
  • 1.14.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
  • 1.14.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
  • 1.14.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
  • 1.14.7 Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)
  • 1.14.8 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
  • 1.14.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
  • 1.14.10 BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) Nitrogen Adsorption Surface Area Apparatus
  • 1.14.11 Thermal Conductivity Meters
  • 2 Mooney Viscometer
  • 2.1 Description of the Mooney Viscometer
  • 2.2 Mooney Tests
  • 2.3 Mooney Viscosity
  • 2.4 Measuring Mooney Scorch
  • 2.5 Measuring Mooney Stress Relaxation
  • 2.6 Delta Mooney Test for Oil Extended Emulsion SBR
  • 2.7 Variable Speed Mooney
  • 2.8 Limitations of the Mooney Viscometer
  • 3 Capillary Rheometer
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Basic Types of Capillary Rheometers
  • 3.3 Measurement of Viscosity with a Capillary Rheometer
  • 3.4 Types of Capillary Rheometer Tests
  • 3.4.1 Stability Test
  • 3.4.2 Shear Rate Sweep
  • 3.4.3 Measure of True Viscosity with Capillary Rheometers by Using Corrections
  • 3.4.3.1 Bagley Correction
  • 3.4.3.2 Rabinowitsch Correction
  • 3.4.4 Capillary Rheometer Wall Slippage
  • 3.5 Behavior of Non-Newtonian Materials.
  • 3.6 Appearance of Capillary Rheometer Extrudate
  • 3.7 Capillary Rheometry in Factory Problem Solving
  • 3.8 Prediction of Factory Processability with Capillary Rheometers
  • 3.9 Limitations of Capillary Rheometers in Rubber Testing
  • 4 Curemeters
  • 4.1 Oscillating Disc Rheometer
  • 4.2 Moving Die Rheometer
  • 4.3 ASTM D2084 and D5289 Data Points for Curemeters
  • 4.4 Dynamic Properties Measured with an MDR
  • 4.5 ASTM and ISO Standards for Curemeters and the Selection of Test Conditions
  • 4.6 The RPA as a Curemeter
  • 4.6.1 Description of the RPA as a Curemeter
  • 4.6.2 Using RPA Dynamic Data for Analyzing Cure Curves
  • 4.6.2.1 tMAX S″ during Cure (Time to S″ Peak)
  • 4.6.2.2 S′ and S″ due to Crosslink Density
  • 4.6.2.3 S′ and S″ due to Filler Loading
  • 4.6.3 Effect of Oil
  • 5 Viscoelastic Characterization of Rubber
  • 5.1 Introduction to the Viscoelastic Property
  • 5.2 Pure Elasticity
  • 5.3 Pure Viscosity
  • 5.4 Modeling Viscosity
  • 5.5 Viscoelastic Properties
  • 5.6 Measurement of Viscoelastic Properties with Sinusoidal Deformation
  • 5.7 Applications for Viscoelastic Properties
  • 5.8 Instruments with Multiple Test Capabilities
  • 5.9 RPA Test Conditions
  • 5.10 The Advantages of the RPA over Scientific DMAs
  • 5.11 The Basics of Measuring and Calculating Dynamic Moduli
  • 5.12 The Basics of Measuring and Calculating Dynamic Viscosity
  • 5.13 Compliance
  • 5.14 Extension/Compression Modulus and Compliance
  • 5.15 Spring Rate Constants and Damping Coefficients
  • 5.16 Time Temperature Superpositioning (TTS)
  • 5.17 Statistical Evaluation of Rheometers
  • 6 Types of Rubber RPA Rheological Tests
  • 6.1 Summary of RPA Rheological Data
  • 6.2 Types of RPA Rheological Subtests
  • 6.2.1 Timed
  • 6.2.2 Temperature Sweep
  • 6.2.3 VTA (Thermal Ramp)
  • 6.2.4 Frequency Sweep
  • 6.2.5 Strain Sweep: Low
  • 6.2.6 Strain Sweep: High
  • 6.2.7 Matrix.
  • 6.2.8 LAOS Sweep
  • 6.2.9 Stress Relaxation
  • 6.3 ASTM, ISO, and DIN Standard Methods for RPA Testing of Elastomers and Compounds
  • 6.3.1 ASTM D6204 Part A
  • 6.3.2 ASTM D6204 Part B
  • 6.3.3 ASTM D6204 Part C
  • 6.3.4 ASTM D6204AB for R&amp
  • D
  • 6.3.5 ASTM D6601
  • 6.3.6 ASTM D8059
  • 6.3.7 ASTM D6048
  • 6.3.8 ASTM D7050
  • 6.3.9 ASTM D7605
  • 6.3.10 ASTM D5289
  • 6.3.11 DIN 53529
  • 6.3.12 ISO 13145
  • 6.4 Nonstandard Methods for RPA Testing of Elastomers and Compounds
  • 6.4.1 Dispersion Using Dynamic Mechanical Methods
  • 6.4.2 Multiple Frequency Sweeps with Increasing Strains
  • 6.4.3 Multiple Identical Strain Sweeps
  • 6.4.4 Anaerobic Heat Aging
  • 6.4.5 Aerobic Heat Aging
  • 6.4.6 Viscous Heating of Uncured Rubber Compounds
  • 6.4.7 Heat Buildup SEBT for Cured Rubber Compound
  • 7 Raw Rubber Effects on Processability
  • 7.1 Natural Rubber
  • 7.2 Synthetic Raw Rubber
  • 7.2.1 Average Molecular Weight
  • 7.2.2 Molecular Weight Distribution
  • 7.2.3 Long Chain Branching
  • 7.2.4 Gel
  • 7.2.5 Changes in the Chemical Composition
  • 7.2.6 Statistical Confounding
  • 7.3 High Strain Testing of Synthetic Elastomers
  • 7.4 Measuring Imparted Differences in Shear Thinning Properties
  • 7.5 Stress Relaxation of Elastomers and Processability
  • 7.6 Master Curve and Glass Transition Temperature
  • 7.7 WLF Shifts for Raw Elastomers
  • 7.8 Testing Liquid Elastomers
  • 7.9 Testing Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
  • 7.10 Processability Data Analysis
  • 8 Filler Effects on Rubber Compound Processability
  • 8.1 Filler Effects on Rubber Compound Properties
  • 8.2 Carbon Black Effects
  • 8.2.1 Carbon Black Surface Area
  • 8.2.2 Correlation with Carbon Black Structure
  • 8.2.3 Correlation with Carbon Black Surface Activity
  • 8.2.4 Effects of Variation in Loading on Uncured vs. Cured Dynamic Properties
  • 8.3 Oil Effects
  • 8.4 Silica Effects.
  • 8.4.1 Effects of Silanization
  • 8.4.2 Effects of Silica Surface Area
  • 8.4.3 Effects of Silica Loading
  • 8.4.4 Recovery of the Silica Network after Destruction
  • 8.4.5 Special Role of Structure for Silica
  • 8.5 Effects of Fully Reinforcing Fillers on the Cox-Merz Correlation
  • 8.6 Effects of Filler Type and Concentration on Shear Thinning Profiles
  • 8.7 Effects of Filler Room Temperature Storage on Formation of Bound Rubber and Rheology of Filled Rubber Compounds
  • 9 Measuring Quality of Mix and Processability
  • 9.1 Dispersion of Fillers during Mixing
  • 9.2 Mastication of Elastomers during Mixing
  • 9.3 Rheological Changes during Mixing
  • 9.4 Optimal Rheological Conditions for Mix Quality Measurement
  • 9.5 State of Mix and Percent Dispersion
  • 9.6 Effect of Oil on Rubber Mixing
  • 9.7 Effect of Phase Mixing
  • 9.8 Special Test Conditions for Measuring State of Mix
  • 9.8.1 Mooney Viscosity
  • 9.8.2 RPA at ±100% Strain (ASTM D6204 Part B)
  • 9.8.3 RPA Payne Effect Plateau (ASTM D8059)
  • 9.8.4 RPA Stress Relaxation (ASTM D6048)
  • 9.8.5 Special Reflective Microscope with Computer Analysis (ASTM D7723)
  • 9.9 Scorch Safety Measurements
  • 9.9.1 Traditional Mooney Scorch
  • 9.9.2 Traditional Curemeter Scorch Measurements
  • 9.9.3 Dynamic Property Measurements of Scorch
  • 9.9.4 Lower Cure Temperature Effects
  • 9.9.5 Variable Temperature Measurements of Scorch
  • 9.9.6 Optimizing Strain and Frequency Effects for Scorch Measurements
  • 9.9.7 Effects of Controlled Stress Measurements on Scorch
  • 9.10 Cure Rate Measurements
  • 9.11 Work History vs. Heat History
  • 9.12 State of Cure
  • 9.13 Capillary Rheometer Viscosity vs. Dynamic Viscosity
  • 9.14 Selecting Best Test Conditions for Factory Control
  • 9.15 Using SPC Charts of Key Parameters
  • 9.16 Downstream Processability Stages
  • 9.16.1 Calendering
  • 9.16.2 Extrusion
  • 9.16.3 Curing.
  • 10 After-Cure Dynamic Properties
  • 10.1 Comparison of After-Cure Dynamic Properties and Product Performance
  • 10.1.1 Tires
  • 10.1.2 Automotive Isolators and Dampers
  • 10.1.3 Sports Applications
  • 10.1.4 Rubber Seals and Gaskets
  • 10.1.5 Blowout Preventer
  • 10.1.6 Conveyor Belts, Timing Belts, and Power Belts
  • 10.2 Payne Effect for Cured Rubber Compounds
  • 10.3 Mullins Effect for Cured Rubber Compounds
  • 10.4 Low Strain vs. High Strain Measurements of Cured Vulcanizates
  • 10.5 ASTM Standard Test Method Using RPA
  • 10.6 Relation of Compression and Extension Dynamic Properties to Shear Measurements
  • 11 Methods for Analyzing the Cure Reaction
  • 11.1 Reaction Kinetics
  • 11.1.1 The Reaction Rate Constant
  • 11.1.2 Arrhenius Model
  • 11.1.3 Order of Reaction (n) in Cure Kinetics
  • 11.2 Applications of the Maximum Cure Rate (MCR)
  • 11.3 Applications for the RPA Thermal Ramp
  • 11.4 Concept of Cure Equivalents
  • 11.5 Direct Measurement of Complex Non-Isothermal Cures
  • Index.