http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Meteorology, climate and atmospheric composition
How can atmospheric variables such as temperature, wind, rain and ozone be measured by satellites? How are these measurements taken and what has been learned since the first measurements in the 1970s? What data are currently available and what data are expected in the future? The first volume of this encyclopedic book answers these questions by reporting the history of satellite meteorology and addresses how national and international agencies define coordinated programs to cover user needs. It also presents the principles of satellite remote sensing to deliver products suited to user requirements. This book is completed by a glossary and appendices with a list of supporting instruments already in use.
Part 1 Satellite Observation of the Earth's Atmosphere: International Cooperation -- Chapter 1 History of Meteorological Satellites 3 Sylvain LE MOAL -- 1.1 The beginnings of remote sensing and the conquest of space -- 1.2 It all began with Tiros-1, the first meteorological satellite -- 1.3 American meteorological satellites -- 1.3.1 Polar-orbiting satellites -- 1.3.2 Geostationary satellites -- 1.4 Russian meteorological satellites -- 1.4.1 Polar-orbiting satellites -- 1.4.2 Geostationary satellites -- 1.5 European meteorological satellites -- 1.5.1 The Meteosat saga -- 1.5.2 46 years after Tiros-1, MetOp enters the scene -- 1.6 Elsewhere -- 1.6.1 Japan -- 1.6.2 China -- 1.6.3 Korea -- 1.6.4 India -- 1.7 References -- 1.8 Websites -- Chapter 2 Contribution of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA) Meteorological Satellites Program: An Overview 37 Sid-Ahmed BOUKABARA, Mitch GOLDBERG, Timothy J SCHMIT, Andrew HEIDINGER, Satya KALLURI, Patricia WEIR, Frank GALLAGHER, David SPENCER and Ross N HOFFMAN -- 2.1 NOAA Satellite Program: historical background -- 2.1.1 Origins of NASA-NOAA Polar and Geostationary Environmental Satellite Programs -- 2.1.2 Low Earth orbit (LEO) missions -- 2.1.3 Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) missions -- 2.2 NOAA Current Space Constellation -- 2.2.1 The NOAA Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Program -- 2.2.2 GOES-R series -- 2.2.3 Collaborative programs -- 2.3 Applications -- 2.4 Looking ahead: designing the next-generation architecture -- 2.4.1 Factors impacting the NOAA strategy -- 2.4.2 Next-generation NOAA space architecture -- 2.5 Summary -- 2.6 Acknowledgments -- 2.7 References -- Chapter 3 The Role of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA) 67 Michael SEABLOM -- 3.1 The beginnings of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) -- 3.2 The Nimbus Era (1964-1979) -- 3.3 The Earth Observing System (1982-2004) -- 3.4 The A-train (2004-present) -- 3.5 Decadal surveys and technological disruption (2007-present) -- 3.6 References -- Chapter 4 The Role of the European Space Agency (ESA) 89 Paul INGMANN -- 4.1 Missions in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) - ESA's Start in Earth Observation -- 4.2 Missions in low Earth orbit (LEO) -- 4.2.1 ERS -- 4.2.2 Envisat -- 4.2.3 MetOp -- 4.2.4 The Earth Explorer and Earth Watch Concept -- 4.3 ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI) -- 4.4 References -- Chapter 5 The Role of EUMETSAT (Europe) 117 Fraṅois MONTAGNER -- 5.1 Introduction: What does EUMETSAT do? -- 5.1.1 Public service value of weather satellites -- 5.1.2 EUMETSAT, a key player in Europe -- 5.1.3 Climate and environment -- 5.2 The organization -- 5.2.1 First steps -- 5.2.2 Stability and growth -- 5.2.3 Government -- 5.2.4 European pooling: EUMETSAT, ECMWF and EUMETNET -- 5.2.5 Global pooling by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) -- 5.3 Geostationary weather satellites: from synoptic to regional zoom -- 5.3.1 Meteosat first generation -- 5.3.2 Meteosat second generation -- 5.3.3 Agility of geostationary missions -- 5.3.4 Stabilization by rotation or on three axes: system aspects -- 5.3.5 Meteosat Third Generation -- 5.4 MetOp satellites, the first source for numerical weather forecasting -- 5.4.1 Synergy of observations -- 5.4.2 Continuity and innovation -- 5.4.3 The second generation of the European Polar System -- 5.4.4 Scale economies -- 5.4.5 Cooperation regarding the polar orbit -- 5.5 Weather perspective and innovation -- 5.6 Climate -- 5.7 EUMETSAT and Copernicus -- 5.7.1 A convenient partnership -- 5.7.2 EUMETSAT and the Copernicus services -- 5.7.3 Continuity and expansion: the challenge of CO2 -- 5.8 References -- Chapter 6 The Role of the National Center for Space Studies (CNES, France) 141 Carole DENIEL and Pierre TABARY -- 6.1 The CNES and its scientific missions -- 6.2 Greenhouse gases and composition of the atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Merlin, a political French-German will -- 6.2.2 Microcarb, a strategic and continuous project... -- 6.2.3 TRAQ, Geotrope, Mageaq, promising projects but no future developments... -- 6.3 IASI and IASI-NG, for meteorology, atmospheric composition and climate -- 6.4 Physical properties of the atmosphere -- 6.4.1 Aerosols and clouds: PARASOL, CALIPSO and the A-Train -- 6.4.2 Next: 3MI and EarthCare -- 6.4.3 A study in the longer term: ACCP -- 6.4.4 Megha-Tropiques and rainfall -- 6.5 Additional facilities and means of observation -- 6.6 The role of numerical models -- 6.7 References -- Chapter 7 A Coordinated International Effort 163 J̌r̥me LAFEUILLE -- 7.1 The challenges of international coordination -- 7.2 Multilateral coordination instances -- 7.2.1 Overview -- 7.2.2 The World Weather Watch and its space component -- 7.2.3 CGMS -- 7.2.4 CEOS -- 7.3 The benefits of coordination -- 7.3.1 Mission continuity -- 7.3.2 Intercalibration of instruments in orbit -- 7.3.3 The climate observation strategy -- 7.3.4 Use of the radio frequency spectrum -- 7.3.5 Access to data -- 7.3.6 Bilateral cooperation -- 7.4 An extended community of space operators -- 7.4.1 A growing number of national operational agencies -- 7.4.2 The emergence of the private sector -- 7.5 Conclusion -- 7.6 References -- Part 2 The Physical Basis -- Chapter 8 Satellite Orbits for Atmospheric Observation 189 Michel CAPDEROU -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Preliminaries -- 8.3 Satellites in low Earth orbit -- 8.3.1 Orbital characteristics -- 8.3.2 Sun-synchronous satellites -- 8.3.3 Non-Sun-synchronous satellites -- 8.3.4 Recurrent satellites -- 8.3.5 Spatio-temporal sampling -- 8.3.6 Collaboration with LEO satellites -- 8.4 Satellites in geostationary orbits -- 8.4.1 Orbit characteristics -- 8.4.2 Observation conditions -- 8.5 Other types of orbits used -- 8.5.1 Satellites in HEO orbits -- 8.5.2 Uses of satellites in MEO orbit -- 8.6 References -- Chapter 9 Measurement Physics 215 Cľmence PIERANGELO, Fatima KARBOU and Claude CAMY-PEYRET -- 9.1 Physical principles of observation of the atmosphere by satellite -- 9.1.1 Basic principles of remote sensing -- 9.1.2 Absorption, scattering, emission -- 9.1.3 Spectroscopy of gaseous species -- 9.1.4 Optical properties of particles -- 9.1.5 At the surface: reflection and emission -- 9.1.6 Spectroscopic parameter database -- 9.1.7 Aerosol and cloud databases -- 9.1.8 Atmospheric profile databases -- 9.1.9 Surface databases -- 9.2 Radiative transfer equation -- 9.2.1 Differential RTE -- 9.2.2 Integration of the RTE -- 9.2.3 Polarized RTE -- 9.2.4 Recent advances for radiative transfer -- 9.2.5 RTE analysis and implications for space-based remote sensing of the atmosphere -- 9.2.6 Example: the 4A/OP source code -- 9.3 Passive optical sensors: radiometers and spectrometers -- 9.3.1 Radiometers -- 9.3.2 Spectrometers -- 9.3.3 Level 1 processing -- 9.3.4 The sensors of the future -- 9.4 Active optical sensors: lidars -- 9.4.1 Lidar principle -- 9.4.2 Lidar equation -- 9.4.3 Different types of spatial Lidar -- 9.4.4 Comparison of optical sensors -- 9.5 Passive and active microwave sensors -- 9.5.1 Specificities of microwave sensors -- 9.5.2 Passive microwave sensors -- 9.5.3 Active microwave sensors -- 9.5.4 List of microwave instruments -- 9.6 References -- Chapter 10 The Inverse Problem and Techniques for Atmospheric Variable Retrieval 253 Cľmence PIERANGELO -- 10.1 General remarks on the inversion of atmospheric parameters -- 10.2 Matrix expression of the direct problem -- 10.2.1 Matrix expression -- 10.2.2 Linearization of the problem -- 10.2.3 Typical dimensions of the problem -- 10.3 Solutions to the inverse problem -- 10.3.1 Least squares -- 10.3.2 Probabilistic methods -- 10.3.3 Methods with pre-calculated bases -- 10.4 References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 269 Claude CAMY-PEYRET -- Appendix 2 277 Claude CAMY-PEYRET -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Glossary -- List of Authors -- Index -- Summary of Volume 2.
coordinated by Thierry Phulpin, Didier Renaut, Herve Roquet, Claude Camy-Peyret.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Space exploration and technology. Space and Earth