http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Polymers and additives in extreme environments
application, properties, and fabrication
1 Materials for Extreme Environments 1 -- References 23 -- 2 Aqueous Environments 29 -- 2.1 Water Purification 29 -- 2.1.1 Synthetic Membranes 29 -- 2.1.2 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 31 -- 2.1.3 Removal of Phenolic Compounds 36 -- 2.2 Polymer Membranes 36 -- 2.2.1 Functional Polymer Membranes 39 -- 2.2.2 Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity 41 -- 2.2.3 Transport Mechanisms 44 -- 2.2.4 Materials for Membranes 45 -- 2.2.5 Robeson Plot 49 -- References 50 -- 3 Extreme Pressure Environments 57 -- 3.1 Engine Oils 57 -- 3.1.1 Block Copolymer Nanoparticles 57 -- 3.1.2 Heavy Duty Applications 59 -- 3.1.3 Oil Degradation in a Combustion Engine 59 -- 3.2 Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives 60 -- 3.2.1 Inorganic Polymers 63 -- 3.3 Deep Drilling 66 -- 3.3.1 Surfactants 67 -- 3.3.2 Scale Inhibitors 68 -- 3.3.3 Foaming Agents 69 -- 3.3.4 Defoamers 69 -- 3.3.5 Crosslinking Agents 70 -- 3.3.6 Gel Stabilizers 72 -- 3.3.7 Gel Breakers 72 -- 3.3.8 Biocides 73 -- 3.3.9 Proppants 73 -- 3.3.10 Fracturing Fluids 73 -- 3.3.11 Thickeners 74 -- 3.3.12 Friction Reducers 74 -- 3.3.13 Fluid Loss Additives 76 -- 3.3.14 Emulsifiers 77 -- 3.3.15 Demulsifiers 78 -- 3.3.16 Clay Stabilization 78 -- 3.3.17 pH Control Additives 79 -- 3.4 Automotive Applications 80 -- 3.4.1 Airbags 80 -- 3.4.2 Silicone Rubber Sponge 103 -- References 107 -- 4 Extreme Temperature 117 -- 4.1 High-Temperature Environments 117 -- 4.1.1 Solvent-Resistant Elastomers 117 -- 4.1.2 Processable Silicone Composites 118 -- 4.1.3 Polymer-Derived Ceramics 120 -- 4.1.4 Membrane Fuel Cells 121 -- 4.2 Low-Temperature Environments 124 -- 4.2.1 Cold Weather Articles 124 -- 4.2.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Insulation Garment 128 -- 4.3 Thermoregulatory Textile 132 -- 4.3.1 Integrated Garment System 134 -- References 135 -- 5 Electrical Applications 137 -- 5.1 Ionic Liquids 137 -- 5.1.1 Monomers 138 -- 5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Separation 141 -- 5.1.3 Polymeric Ionic Liquids 142 -- 5.1.4 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids 146 -- 5.1.5 Computer Simulation 147 -- 5.2 Solar Cell Devices 148 -- 5.2.1 History of Photovoltaics 148 -- 5.2.2 High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics 149 -- 5.2.3 Naphthodithiophene 153 -- 5.2.4 Stability 154 -- 5.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 159 -- 5.3.1 Triboelectric Polymers 161 -- 5.3.2 Paper-Based Generator 164 -- 5.3.3 Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator 165 -- 5.4 Fuel Cell Applications 168 -- 5.5 Conductive Nanocomposites 170 -- 5.6 Electrochromic Materials 170 -- 5.7 Batteries 171 -- 5.7.1 Cathode Polymers 171 -- 5.7.2 Polymeric Electrolytes 175 -- 5.7.3 Polymer Interlayers 177 -- 5.7.4 Polymer Separators 178 -- 5.7.5 Protective Polymers 180 -- References 181 -- 6 Medical Applications 197 -- 6.1 Contact Lenses 197 -- 6.1.1 History of Contact Lenses 197 -- 6.1.2 Materials 198 -- 6.1.3 Monomers 199 -- 6.1.4 Soft Lenses 205 -- 6.1.5 Functional Contact Lenses 238 -- 6.1.6 Fabrication Methods 258 -- 6.2 Tissue Engineering 272 -- 6.2.1 Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 275 -- 6.2.2 Coating of an Implantable Device 275 -- 6.3 Drug Delivery Systems 276 -- 6.3.1 Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 277 -- 6.3.2 Drug-Eluting Stents 278 -- 6.3.3 Microchamber for Bacteria-Based Drug Delivery 278 -- 6.3.4 Polymer Microspheres 279 -- 6.3.5 Inhalable Particles 287 -- 6.3.6 Microfabricated Drug Delivery Systems 287 -- 6.3.7 Oral Drug Delivery 288 -- 6.3.8 Nasal Delivery and Diagnostics 290 -- 6.3.9 Transdermal Drug Delivery Devices 291 -- 6.3.10 Drop-on-Demand System 296 -- 6.3.11 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 297 -- 6.3.12 Microchip Drug Delivery 298 -- 6.3.13 Microchannels Drug Delivery 298 -- 6.3.14 Printing Poorly Soluble Drugs 299 -- 6.3.15 Fabrication of Personalized Doses 300 -- 6.3.16 Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets 300 -- 6.3.17 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 301 -- 6.3.18 Three-Dimensional Printing 302 -- 6.3.19 Bioabsorbable Stent with Prohealing Layer 303 -- 6.3.20 Electrolytic Deposition 304 -- 6.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modification 304 -- 6.4.1 Porous Polymer Particles 311 -- 6.5 Nanomaterials 312 -- 6.5.1 Photosensitive Nanoparticles 314 -- 6.5.2 Crosslinked Polymeric Nanoparticles 317 -- 6.6 Other Fabrication Methods 320 -- 6.6.1 Controlled Spreading 320 -- 6.6.2 Thermal Inkjet Spray Freeze-Drying 321 -- 6.6.3 Drug-Loaded Polymer Microparticles with Arbitrary Geometries 322 -- 6.6.4 Microarray Technology 322 -- 6.6.5 Biphasic Inks 322 -- 6.6.6 Contact Lenses 329 -- 6.6.7 Dip-Pen Nanolithography 333 -- 6.6.8 Direct-Write Lithographic Printing of Peptides and Proteins 333 -- References 334 -- 7 Drug Delivery 347 -- 7.1 Biodegradable Polymers 347 -- 7.2 Sustained Release Technology 347 -- 7.2.1 Acacia 350 -- 7.2.2 Carrageenan 353 -- 7.2.3 Cellulose 354 -- 7.2.4 Chitosan 355 -- 7.2.5 Gellan Gum 355 -- 7.2.6 Guar Gum 355 -- 7.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives 356 -- 7.2.8 Khaya Gum 357 -- 7.2.9 Locust Bean Gum 357 -- 7.2.10 Pectin 358 -- 7.2.11 Xanthan Gum 359 -- 7.2.12 Electrospinning 359 -- 7.2.13 Drug Release from Electrospun Fibers 360 -- 7.3 Tissue Engineering 362 -- 7.3.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 363 -- 7.4 Tissue Markers 364 -- 7.5 Hydrogels 366 -- 7.6 Microporous Materials 367 -- 7.7 Implants 370 -- 7.7.1 Inflammatory Problems with Implants 370 -- 7.7.2 Eye Implants 371 -- 7.7.3 Thermosetting Implants 372 -- 7.7.4 Neurotoxin Implants 380 -- 7.7.5 Water-Soluble Glass Fibers 380 -- 7.8 Shape-Memory Polymers 380 -- 7.8.1 Shape-Memory Polyesters 382 -- 7.9 Stents 383 -- 7.9.1 Surface Erosion 384 -- 7.9.2 Tubular Main Body 385 -- 7.9.3 Multilayer Stents 386 -- 7.10 Thermogelling Materials 386 -- 7.11 Wound Dressings 387 -- 7.12 Bioceramics 387 -- 7.13 Conjugates 389 -- References 390 -- 8 Aero and Space Applications 397 -- 8.1 Technical Standards 397 -- 8.2 Aerospace Applications 403 -- 8.2.1 Components for Airplanes 403 -- 8.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites 405 -- 8.2.3 Nanocomposites 405 -- 8.2.4 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 406 -- 8.2.5 Sealants for Aerospace Fuel Tanks 411 -- 8.2.6 Leak Detection 418 -- 8.2.7 Antistatic Applications 418 -- 8.2.8 Electroactive Polymers 419 -- 8.2.9 Shape-Memory Polymers 419 -- 8.3 Outer Space Applications 427 -- 8.3.1 Disadvantages of Polymers 428 -- 8.3.2 Solar Cells 430 -- 8.3.3 Antenna Reflector 433 -- 8.3.4 Polymeric Coating 434 -- 8.3.5 Space Suits 439 -- 8.3.6 Electrostactic Dissipative Coatings 440 -- References 444 -- 9 Other Environments 455 -- 9.1 Adhesives 455 -- 9.1.1 Lignin 455 -- 9.1.2 Mussel-Inspired Adhesives 456 -- 9.1.3 Supramolecular Polymer Adhesives 457 -- 9.2 Extreme pH 457 -- 9.2.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 457 -- 9.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes 458 -- 9.2.3 Pulp and Paper Production 460 -- 9.2.4 Polymeric Micelles 462