Viral infections and global change /

A timely exploration of the impact of global change on the emergence, reemergence, and control of vector-borne and zoonotic viral infections From massively destructive ""superstorms"" to rapidly rising sea levels, the world media is abuzz with talk of the threats to civilization...

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Singh, Sunit K. (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2014]
Subjects:	Virus diseases > Transmission. Virus diseases > Environmental aspects. Global warming > Health aspects. Globalization > Health aspects. Virus Diseases. Electronic book.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Machine generated contents note: pt. I GENERAL ASPECTS
1. Climate Change and Vector-Borne Viral Diseases / Peng Bi
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Epidemiology of VVD
1.2.1. What are VVD?
1.2.2. Temporal
spatial distribution of VVD around the world
1.2.3. Factors that affect the transmission
1.3. Association between climatic variables and emerging VVD
1.3.1. Dengue fever
1.3.2. Yellow fever
1.3.3. Viral encephalitis: Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis
1.3.4. Ross River fever and Barmah Forest fever
1.3.5. Chikungunya fever
1.3.6. Rift Valley fever
1.3.7. Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Crimean
Congo hemorrhagic fever
1.4. Invasion of nonzoonotic VVD to humans
1.5. Implications and recommendations for prevention and control
References
2. Impact of Climate Change on Vector-Borne Arboviral Episystems / Jonathan F. Day
2.1. Introduction
2.2. complex factors influencing mosquito-borne arbovirus episystems
2.3. West Nile virus
2.3.1. Influence of climate on the North American WNV episystem
2.3.2. Effects of future changes in climate on the North American WNV episystem
2.4. Dengue in Florida
2.4.1. Did climate change play a role in the reemergence of dengue in Florida?
2.5. Bluetongue
2.5.1. Influence of climate on the European bluetongue episystem
2.5.2. role of climate change in the European BTV episystem
2.6. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
3. Influence of Climate Change on Mosquito Development and Blood-Feeding Patterns / William K. Reisen
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Mosquito development
3.2.1. Temperature
3.2.2. Precipitation
3.2.3. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration
3.2.4. Photoperiodic cues
3.3. Blood-feeding patterns
3.3.1. Temperature
3.3.2. Humidity
3.3.3. Cumulative impact on mosquito-borne viral infections
References
4. Environmental Perturbations That Influence Arboviral Host Range: Insights Into Emergence Mechanisms / William K. Reisen
4.1. Introduction
4.2. changing environment
4.3. Deforestation and the epizootic emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
4.4. Rice, mosquitoes, pigs, and Japanese encephalitis virus
4.5. Culex pipiens complex, house sparrows, urbanization, and west Nile virus
4.6. Urbanization, global trade, and the reemergence of chikungunya virus
4.7. Conclusions
References
5. Socio-Ecology of Viral Zoonotic Transfer / Sarah Paige
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Historical perspective
5.3. Human
animal interface
5.4. Surveillance
5.5. Deforestation and fragmentation
5.6. Urbanization
5.7. Examples
5.7.1. Nipah virus
5.7.2. Hendra
5.7.3. Influenza
5.8. Conclusion
References
6. Human Behavior and The Epidemiology of Viral Zoonoses / Calum N.L. Macpherson
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Societal changes and the epidemiology of viral zoonoses
6.2.1. human-animal relationship
6.2.2. Migration and population movements
6.2.3. Climate change and vectors
6.3. Viral zoonoses and human societal values
6.3.1. Individual and collective responsibility
6.4. Human behavior and the epidemiology of vector-borne viral zoonoses
6.4.1. Yellow fever (urban yellow fever, sylvatic or jungle yellow fever)
6.4.2. WNV
6.4.3. TBE
6.4.4. Encephalitides
6.4.5. LAC encephalitis
6.4.6. JE
6.4.7. Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE)
6.4.8. EEE
6.4.9. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)
6.5. Human behavior and the epidemiology of respiratory viral zoonoses
6.5.1. HeV
6.5.2. NIV
6.5.3. SARS
6.5.4. Influenza H1N1
6.5.5. Influenza H5N1
6.5.6. Travel and respiratory viral zoonoses
6.6. Human behavior and the epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses
6.6.1. Waterborne zoonotic viruses
6.6.2. Epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses
6.6.3. Prevention and control
6.7. Human behavior and the epidemiology of wildlife-associated Viral Zoonoses
6.7.1. Case study: bushmeat hunting in Cameroon
6.7.2. Epidemiology of viral zoonoses from wildlife
6.8. role of human behavior in the control of viral zoonoses
6.8.1. Communication
References
7. Global Travel, Trade, And The Spread Of Viral Infections / Douglas W. MacPherson
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Basic principles
7.2.1. Extension
7.2.2. Expression
7.3. overview of population mobility
7.4. dynamics of modern population mobility
7.5. Human population mobility and the spread of viruses
7.6. biological aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses
7.7. demographic aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses
7.7.1. Elements related to the volume of travel
7.7.2. Elements related to disparities in health practices
7.7.3. Situations where population mobility and travel can affect The Spread of Viruses
7.7.4. Humanitarian and complex emergencies
7.7.5. Social and economic aspects of population mobility
7.7.6. overview of trade
7.7.7. Trade and the spread of viruses
7.8. Potential impact of climate change
7.9. Conclusion
References
8. Effects of Land-Use Changes and Agricultural Practices on The Emergence and Reemergence of Human Viral Diseases / Richard Coker
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Ecological and environmental changes
8.2.1. Deforestation
8.2.2. Habitat fragmentation
8.2.3. Structural changes in ecosystems
8.3. Agricultural change
8.3.1. Agricultural expansion
8.3.2. Intensification of livestock production
8.4. Demographic changes
8.4.1. Urbanization
8.5. Land use, disease emergence, and multifactorial causation
8.6. Conclusion
References
9. Animal Migration and Risk of Spread of Viral Infections / John Y. Takekawa
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. Animal migration and disease
9.2. Does animal migration increase risk of viral spread?
9.3. Examples of migratory animals and spread of viral disease
9.3.1. Birds
9.3.2. Mammals
9.3.3. Fish and herpetiles
9.4. Climate change effects on animal migration and viral zoonoses
9.5. Shifts in timing of migration and range extents
9.6. Combined effects of climate change, disease, and migration
9.7. Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgements
References
10. Illegal Animal and (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk of Spread of Viral Infections / Bruno Chomel
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Search strategy and selection criteria
10.3. bushmeat trade
10.4. Bushmeat hunting and emerging infectious diseases
10.5. Risk factors and modes of transmission
10.5.1. Human-nonhuman primate overlap
10.5.2. Behavioral risks
10.6. Conservation and wildlife sustainability
10.7. Case study: The role of the bushmeat trade in the evolution of HIV
10.8. Illegal trade of domestic animals and exotic pets
10.9. Discussion and future directions
10.10. Prevention and control: From supply and demand to health education techniques
10.11. New technologies
10.11.1. Laboratory tools
10.11.2. Surveillance tools
10.12. Collaboration: Multidisciplinary advances and next steps
10.13. Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
References
11. Biological Significance of Bats as a Natural Reservoir Of Emerging Viruses / Richard A.
Bowen
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Bats as exemplars of biodiversity
11.3. Bats are reservoir hosts for zoonotic and emerging pathogens
11.3.1. Lyssaviruses
11.3.2. Henipaviruses
11.3.3. Filoviruses
11.3.4. Coronaviruses
11.3.5. Arboviruses
11.4. Contact rate as a driver for emergence of bat-associated zoonoses
11.5. Potential impact of climate change on viruses transmitted by bats
11.6. Conclusions
References
12. Role and Strategies of Surveillance Networks in Handling Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections / Carlos Castillo-Salgado
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Global trend of viral infectious agents and diseases
12.3. Recognized importance of public health surveillance
12.3.1. Public health surveillance as essential public health functions and core competencies
12.4. Definition and scope of public health surveillance
12.5. Key functions and uses of disease surveillance
12.6. New expansion of surveillance by the IHR-2005
12.7. Emergence of new global surveillance networks
12.8. Global influenza surveillance and WHO's pandemic influenza preparedness framework
12.9. Early warning surveillance systems
12.10. Innovative approaches for surveillance
12.11. Electronic and web-based information platforms for information reporting, sharing, and dissemination
12.12. Real-time and near real-time information
12.13. New updated statistical methods for tracking viral and infectious disease outbreaks
12.13.1. Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping and geo-referencing public health events and risks of national and global importance
12.14. Using proxy and compiled web-based information from different sources
12.15. Incorporation of public
private partnerships in surveillance activities
12.16. Use of volunteer sentinel physicians
12.17. Improving guidelines and protocols for viral surveillance
12.18. Incorporating health situation rooms or strategic command centers for monitoring, analysis, and response in surveillance efforts.
Note continued: 12.19. Challenges of viral and public health surveillance
References
13. Predictive Modeling of Emerging Infections / Sheri H. Lewis
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Types of models
13.3. Remote sensing and its use in disease outbreak prediction
13.4. Approaches to modeling and their evaluation
13.5. Examples of prediction models
13.5.1. Rift Valley fever
13.5.2. Cholera
13.5.3. Dengue
13.6. Conclusion
References
14. Developments and Challenges in Diagnostic Virology / Giorgio Palu
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Preparedness
14.3. Challenges in diagnosis of emerging viral infections
14.4. Approaches to the diagnosis of emerging viral infections
14.4.1. Specimen collection
14.4.2. Viral culture
14.4.3. Viral antigen detection
14.4.4. Molecular detection
14.4.5. Viral serology
14.4.6. Metagenomics and virus discovery
14.4.7. POC testing
14.5. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
15. Advances in Detecting and Responding to Threats From Bioterrorism And Emerging Viral Infections / Angela Weber
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Emerging, reemerging, and intentionally emerging diseases
15.3. Bioterrorism
15.4. Viruses as bioweapons
15.5. Impact of biotechnology
15.5.1. Mousepox virus
15.5.2. Influenza A
15.5.3. Synthetic genomes
15.6. Deterrence, recognition, and response
15.6.1. Deterrence
15.6.2. Laboratory Response Network
15.6.3. Advances in diagnostics
15.6.4. Point-of-care diagnostics
15.6.5. PCR
15.7. Public health surveillance
15.7.1. Passive surveillance
15.7.2. Active surveillance
15.7.3. Syndromic surveillance
15.7.4. Detection of viral infections
15.8. Conclusion
References
16. Molecular and Evolutionary Mechanisms of Viral Emergence / Esteban Domingo
16.1. Introduction: Biosphere and virosphere diversities
16.2. Virus variation as a factor in viral emergence: a role of complexity
16.3. High error rates originate quasispecies swarms
16.4. Evolutionary mechanisms that may participate in viral disease emergence
16.5. Ample genetic and host range variations of fMDV: a human epidemic to be?
16.6. arbovirus host alternations: high exposure to environmental modifications
16.7. Arenaviruses: As an emerging threat
16.8. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
17. Drivers of Emergence and Sources of Future Emerging and Reemerging Viral Infections / Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Prehistoric and historic unfolding of the drivers of disease emergence
17.2.1. Prehistory and before: Microbial adaptation and change
17.2.2. Prehistoric human migrations and international travel
17.2.3. Domestication, demographic, and behavioral changes
17.2.4. Human settlements and changing ecosystems
17.2.5. Ancient and medieval times: Commerce, warfare, poverty, and climate
17.2.6. Recent past and modern times: Technology and industry
17.3. Proximal drivers of disease emergence and sources of future emerging and reemerging viral infections
17.4. Further insights from the theory of island biogeography
References
18. Spillover Transmission and Emergence of Viral Outbreaks in Humans / Sunit K. Singh
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Major anthropogenic factors responsible for spillover
18.3. Major viral factors playing a role in spillover
18.3.1. Reassortment
18.3.2. Recombination
18.3.3. Mutation
18.4. Intermediate hosts and species barriers in viral transmission
18.5. Conclusion
References
pt. II SPECIFIC INFECTIONS
19. New, Emerging, and Reemerging Respiratory Viruses / Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus
19.1. Introduction
19.1.1. History
19.1.2. Newly discovered human respiratory viruses that recently crossed the species barrier
19.2. Influenza viruses
19.2.1. Transmission of avian influenza to humans
19.2.2. Clinical manifestations
19.2.3. Diagnosis
19.2.4. Treatment, prognosis, and prevention
19.3. Human metapneumovirus
19.3.1. Epidemiology
19.3.2. Clinical manifestations
19.3.3. Diagnosis
19.3.4. Treatment, prognosis, and prevention
19.4. Human coronaviruses: SARS and non-SARS
19.4.1. SARS-CoV outbreak
19.4.2. Clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV
19.4.3. Diagnosis of SARS-CoV
19.4.4. Epidemiology of non-SARS coronaviruses
19.4.5. Clinical manifestations of non-SARS coronaviruses
19.4.6. Diagnosis of non-SARS coronaviruses
19.4.7. Treatment, prognosis, and prevention
19.5. Human bocavirus
19.5.1. Epidemiology
19.5.2. Clinical manifestations
19.5.3. Diagnosis
19.5.4. Treatment, prognosis, and prevention
19.6. KI and WU polyomaviruses
19.6.1. Epidemiology
19.6.2. Clinical manifestations
19.6.3. Diagnosis
19.6.4. Prognosis
19.7. Nipah and hendra viruses
19.7.1. Outbreaks
19.7.2. Clinical manifestations and prognosis
19.7.3. Diagnosis
19.7.4. Treatment and prevention
19.8. Conclusion
19.9. List of abbreviations
References
20. Emergence of Zoonotic Orthopox Virus Infections / Shigeru Morikawa
20.1. Smallpox, a representative orthopoxvirus infection: The eradicated non-zoonotic orthopoxvirus
20.1.1. Clinical features
20.2. Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses
20.2.1. Cowpox
20.2.2. Monkeypox
Acknowledgement
References
21. Biological Aspects of The Interspecies Transmission of Selected Coronaviruses / Linda J. Saif
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Coronavirus classification and pathogenesis
21.3. Natural reservoirs and emergence of new coronaviruses
21.4. Alpha-, beta- and gamma coronaviruses: cross-species transmission
21.4.1. Alpha-coronaviruses cross-species transmission
21.4.2. Beta-coronaviruses cross-species transmission
21.4.3. Gamma-coronaviruses cross-species transmission
21.5. Anthropogenic factors and climate influence on coronavirus diversity and outbreaks
21.6. Conclusion
References
22. Impact of Environmental and Social Factors on Ross River Virus Outbreaks / David O. Harley
22.1. Introduction
22.2. History of mosquito-borne epidemic polyarthritis outbreaks in australia and the pacific
22.3. RRV transmission cycles have a variety of ecologies
22.4. Typical environmental determinants of RRV activity
22.5. Social determinants of RRV disease activity
22.6. Conceptual framework for understanding the influence of environmental and social factors on RRV disease activity
22.6.1. Climatic and other variables: pathway a
22.6.2. Vertebrate host reservoirs: pathway b
22.6.3. Mosquito vectors: pathway c
22.6.4. Human behavior and the built environment: pathway d
22.6.5. Climatic influences on mosquitoes: pathway e
22.6.6. Climatic influences on housing and human behavior: pathway f
22.6.7. Climatic influences on immune function: pathway g
22.7. Climate Change and RRV
22.8. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
23. Infection Patterns and Emergence of O'Nyong-Nyong Virus / Ann M.
Powers
23.1. Introduction
23.2. History of outbreaks
23.3. Clinical manifestations
23.4. Epidemiology
23.5. Factors affecting emergence
23.5.1. Etiologic agent: viral genomics and antigens encoded
23.5.2. Transmission parameters
23.5.3. Zoonotic maintenance
23.5.4. Environmental influences
23.6. Conclusion
References
24. Zoonotic Hepatitis E: Animal Reservoirs, Emerging Risks, and Impact of Climate Change / Jerome Bouquet
24.1. Introduction
24.2. HEV biology and classification
24.3. Pathogenesis in humans
24.3.1. Acute hepatitis
24.3.2. Chronic hepatitis
24.3.3. Fulminant hepatitis
24.3.4. Neurologic disorders
24.4. Animal Reservoirs
24.4.1. HEV in pigs
24.4.2. Prevalence of HEV in wild animals
24.4.3. Prevalence of HEV in avian, rats, and rabbits
24.5. Zoonotic and Interspecies Transmission of HEV and HEV-like viruses
24.6. HEV in the environment
24.7. Climate change and impact on HEV exposure
24.8. Prevention
24.9. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
25. Impact of Climate Change on Outbreaks of Arenaviral Infections / James Christopher Clegg
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Natural history of arenaviruses
25.3. Predicted climate changes
25.4. Arenaviral diseases and climate change
References
26. Emerging and Reemerging Human Bunyavirus Infections and Climate Change / A. Desiree LaBeaud
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Bunyaviridae family
26.2.1. Hantavirus
26.2.2. Nairovirus
26.2.3. Orthobunyavirus
26.2.4. Phlebovirus
26.3. Climate Change and Bunyaviridae: Climatic influences on transmission cycles and subsequent risk for transmission of bunyaviruses
26.3.1. Arboviral bunyaviruses
26.3.2. Non-arboviral bunyaviruses
26.4. Disease spread due to growing geographic distribution of competent vectors
26.4.1. Physical movement of vectors
26.4.2. Expansion of suitable range
26.5. Using climate as a means for outbreak prediction
26.5.1. Climatic influences
26.5.2. Risk mapping and predictions
26.6. Future problems
References
27. Emerging Trend of Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, and Rotaviruses in Human Viral Gastroenteritis / Carl D. Kirkwood
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Emerging trends in rotaviruses.
Note continued: 27.2.1. Rotavirus classification
27.2.2. Epidemiology of human rotaviruses
27.2.3. Clinical symptoms and pathogenesis
27.2.4. Genomic diversity of rotaviruses
27.2.5. Rotavirus vaccines and the impact of vaccine introduction on the burden of rotavirus disease
27.2.6. Globally emerging rotavirus genotypes
27.3. Emerging trends in enteric adenoviruses
27.3.1. Adenovirus classification
27.3.2. Epidemiology of enteric adenoviruses HAdV-F40 and HAdV-F41
27.3.3. Clinical symptoms and pathogenesis
27.3.4. Diversity and evolution of enteric adenoviruses
27.3.5. Emerging human enteric adenovirus species
27.4. Emerging trends in astroviruses
27.4.1. Astrovirus classification
27.4.2. Epidemiology of HAstVs
27.4.3. Clinical symptoms and pathogenesis
27.4.4. Diversity and evolution of HAstVs
27.4.5. Emerging HAstV species
References
28. Emerging Human Norovirus Infections / Stephanie M. Karst
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Norovirus epidemiology
28.3. Features of norovirus outbreaks
28.4. Clinical features of norovirus infection
28.5. Host Susceptibility
28.6. Effect of increased size of immunocompromised population
28.7. Effect of globalization of the food market on norovirus spread
28.8. Effect of climate change
References
29. Emergence of Novel Viruses (Toscana, Usutu) in Population And Climate Change / Ana Vazquez
29.1. Introduction
29.2. TOSV
29.2.1. Virus properties and classification
29.2.2. Clinical picture and geographical distribution
29.2.3. Phylogenetic studies: distribution of genotypes
29.2.4. Ecology
29.2.5. Laboratory diagnosis
29.2.6. Prevention of transmission and treatment
29.3. USUV
29.3.1. Virus: properties and classification
29.3.2. History and geographical distribution
29.3.3. Ecology: vector, host, and incidental host
29.3.4. Pathology
29.3.5. Laboratory diagnosis
29.3.6. Phylogenetic studies
29.3.7. Treatment, prevention, and surveillance
29.4. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
30. Borna Disease Virus and The Search for Human Infection / Juan Carlos de la Torre
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Long-standing controversy around BDV as a human pathogen
30.3. negative is impossible to prove, but do we have enough evidence to stop looking?
30.4. Recent improvements in testing for evidence of BDV in human samples
30.4.1. Serology
30.4.2. Nucleic acid tests
30.5. possibilities for clinical expression of human BDV infection are myriad and almost impossible to predict
30.6. Epidemiology: the new frontier of human BDV studies?
30.7. Where do we go from here?
Acknowledgement
References
31. Tick-Transmitted Viruses and Climate Change / Ivo Rudolf
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Ticks in nature
31.3. Family Flaviviridae
31.3.1. Tick-borne encephalitis virus
31.3.2. Louping ill virus
31.3.3. Powassan virus
31.3.4. Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
31.3.5. Kyasanur Forest disease virus
31.4. Family Bunyaviridae
31.4.1. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
31.4.2. Henan virus
31.4.3. Bhanja virus
31.4.4. Keterah virus
31.5. Family Reoviridae
31.5.1. Colorado tick fever virus
31.5.2. Kemerovo virus
31.5.3. Tribec virus
31.6. Family Orthomyxoviridae
31.6.1. Thogoto virus
31.6.2. Dhori virus
31.7. Other tick-transmitted viruses
31.8. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
32. Tick
Virus Interface / Marshall E. Bloom
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Viruses within the tick vector
32.2.1. Impact of virus infection on ticks
32.2.2. Impact of the tick vector on viruses
32.2.3. Tick immunity
32.2.4. Other mediators of immunity
32.3. Saliva-assisted transmission
32.4. Summary and future directions
32.4.1. Generation of tick cell lines
32.4.2. role of endosymbionts and coinfections
32.4.3. Tick innate immunity
32.4.4. Identification and characterization of viral SAT factors
32.4.5. Viral persistence in tick vectors
32.4.6. impact of climate change on tick vectors and tick-borne diseases
Acknowledgements
References.