Table of Contents:
  • The effects caused by treatments
  • Randomized experiments
  • Observational studies : the problem
  • Adjustments for measured covariates
  • Sensitivity to unmeasured covariates
  • Quasi-experimental devices in the design of observational studies
  • Natural experiments, discontinuities, and instruments
  • Replication, resolution and evidence factors
  • Uncertainty and complexity in causal inference
  • Postscript: Key ideas, chapter by chapter.