http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Smart Antennas and Electromagnetic Signal Processing for Advanced Wireless Technology
With Artificial Intelligence Applications and Coding
The book addresses the current demand for a scientific approach to advanced wireless technology and its future developments. It gives a clear presentation of both antennas and adaptive signal processing which is what makes antennas powerful, maneuverable and necessary for advanced wireless technology. The book presents electromagnetic signal processing techniques that both control the antenna beam and track the moving station, which is required for effective, fast, dynamic beamforming. The first part of the book presents a comprehensive description and analysis of basic antenna theory, starting from short dipole antennas to array antennas. This section also includes important concepts related to antenna parameters, electromagnetic wave propagation, the Friis equation, the radar equation and wave reflection and transmission through media. The second part of the book focuses on smart antennas, commencing from a look at the traditional approach to beamforming before getting into the details of smart antennas. Complete derivation and description of the techniques for electromagnetic field signal processing techniques for adaptive beamforming are also presented. Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven beamforming is presented using computationally fast and low-memory demanding technique for AI beamforming is presented with the different excitation functions available. A novel method for fast, low memory and accurate, maneuverable single beam generation is presented, as well as other methods for beamforming with fewer elements along with a simple method for tracking the mobile antenna and station. In this section, for completeness, the use of antenna signal processing for synthetic aperture techniques for imaging is also presented, specifically the Inverse Synthetic Aperture Imaging technique. The third part of the book presents technological aspects of advanced wireless technology, including the 5G wireless system and the various devices needed to construct it. While the books' main emphasis is theoretical understanding and design, it includes applications, and legal matters are also presented.
1. Introduction -- 1.1 Elementary Principle -- 1.2 Broadcast Frequency Bands -- 1.3 Basic Characteristics and Definitions of Terms -- 1.4 Basic Antenna Parameters -- 1.4.1 Antenna as a Spatial Filter: Radiation Pattern -- 1.4.2 Antenna Gain and Beamwidth -- 1.4.3 Effective Aperture -- 1.4.4 Operation Zones -- 1.4.5 Antenna as a Temporal Filter: Bandwidth -- 1.4.6 Antenna Temperature -- 1.4.7 Antenna Input Impedance -- 1.5 Reciprocity -- 1.5.1 The Friis Transmission Equation -- 1.5.2 The Radar Equation -- 1.6 Types of Antennas -- 1.6.1 Elemental Current Antennas -- 1.6.2 Traveling Wave Antennas -- 1.6.3 Array Antennas -- 1.6.4 Aperture Antennas -- 1.7 Waves along Conductors and in Free Space -- 1.8 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves -- 1.8.1 Introduction -- 1.8.2 Electromagnetic Waves -- 1.8.3 Energy in the Electromagnetic Field -- 1.9 Points to Note When Purchasing or Designing Antennas -- 1.10 Smart Antennas and Electromagnetic Signal Processing -- 2. Elementary Antenna Theory -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Maxwell's Equations -- 2.1.2 The Magnetic Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J -- 2.2 Infinitesimal Wire Antennas (Hertzian Dipole L < ⋋/50): The Elemental Dipole -- 2.2.1 Electromagnetic Fields Radiated by a Hertzian Dipole -- 2.2.2 Electric Field Radiation Pattern of an Electric Dipole -- 2.3 Antenna in Motion -- 2.4 Finite Length Wire Antenna (Dipole): The Half-Wave (⋋/2) Dipole -- 2.4.1 Radiation from an Electric Dipole Antenna of Any Length L -- 2.4.2 Radiation from a Half-Wave Electric Dipole Antenna: L = ⋋/2 -- 2.5 Radiation Resistance -- 2.6 Impedance Matching -- 2.7 Radiation Safety -- 2.8 The Effect of Antenna Height and Ground Reflection -- 2.9 Inverse Doppler Effect in the Near-Field Region 71 -- 2.10 The Magnetic Dipole: Loop Antenna 73 -- 2.10.1 Magnetic Field Pattern of a Magnetic Dipole 74 -- 2.10.2 The Helical Broadband Antenna 74 -- 2.11 Effect of Ground on Antenna Radiated Electric Fields 77 -- 2.11.1 The Vertical Dipole 78 -- 2.11.2 The Horizontal Dipole 80 -- 2.12 Frequency Independent Antennas 81 -- 3 Focused Beam Antennas 85 P.R.P. Hoole 3.1 Introduction 85 -- 3.2 Array Antennas: Two-Element Linear Array 87 -- 3.2.1 Two-Element Hertzian Dipole Array Antenna 87 -- 3.2.2 Two-Element Half-Wave Dipole Array Antenna 92 -- 3.3 General N-Element Uniform Linear Array 95 -- 3.4 Mutual Coupling Between Elements of The Array Antenna 102 -- 3.5 Polarization 103 -- 3.6 Aperture Antennas 105 -- 3.7 Patch Microstrip Antennas 112 -- 3.8 Corner-Reflector Antenna 116 -- 3.9 Finite Length Antenna: A Basic Building Block for Antenna Simulation 117 -- 4 Antenna Beamforming: Basics 121 P.R.P. Hoole 4.1 Introduction 121 -- 4.2 Antenna Synthesis 122 -- 4.2.1 Line Source 123 -- 4.2.2 Fourier Transform Method 124 -- 4.2.2.1 Line Source 124 -- 4.2.2.2 Linear Array 127 -- 4.2.3 Woodward-Lawson Sampling Method 131 -- 4.2.3.1 Line Source 132 -- 4.2.3.2 Linear Array 134 -- 4.3 Adaptive Arrays 135 -- 4.3.1 LMS Adaptive Array 136 -- 4.3.2 Two-Element Array 137 -- 4.3.3 The LMS Weights 139 -- 4.3.4 Complex Signal Notation 144.
5 A New Smart Antenna for 5/6GWireless Systems: Narrow 360À Steerable Beam With No Reflectors 147 K. Pirapaharan, P.R.P Hoole, H. Kunsei, K.S. Senthilkumar, and S.R.H. Hoole 5.1 Introduction 147 -- 5.2 A Narrow Steerable Single-Beam Smart Antenna without a Reflector 150 -- 5.3 Adaptive Array Model and Analytical Beamforming 156 -- 5.4 Conclusions 163 -- 5.5 Appendix 5.1. The MATLABTM code 165 -- 6 Synthetic Aperture Antennas and Imaging 167 Tan Pek Hua, Dennis Goh, P.R.P. Hoole, and U.R. Abeyratne 6.1 Basic Principles of Radar Signal Processing 167 -- 6.1.1 Introduction 167 -- 6.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar 169 -- 6.2 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar 170 -- 6.3 One-Dimensional Imaging with Point Scattering 170 -- 6.3.1 Overview 170 -- 6.3.2 Range Resolution 175 -- 6.3.3 Effect of Pulse Width Variation 177 -- 6.3.4 Effect of a Chirp Rate Variation 179 -- 6.3.5 Effect of Sampling Frequency Variation 180 -- 6.4 Two-Dimensional Imaging with Point Scattering 181 -- 6.4.1 Overview 182 -- 6.4.2 Procedures for Two-Dimensional Imaging 182 -- 6.4.2.1 Data Collection 182 -- 6.4.2.2 Concept for Two-Dimensional Imaging 185 -- 6.4.2.3 Development and Implementation 187 -- 6.4.3 Simulation Results 190 -- 7 Smart Antennas: Mobile Station Antenna Location 195 Stetson Oh Kok Leong, Ng Kim Chong, P.R.P. Hoole, and E. Gunawan 7.1 Mobile Radio Environment 195 -- 7.1.1 Fading 196 -- 7.1.2 Doppler Spread 198 -- 7.1.3 Delay Station Spread 199 -- 7.2 Mobile Station Positioning 199 -- 7.2.1 Global Positioning Satellite 200 -- 7.2.2 MS Positioning in the Cellular Network 201 -- 7.2.2.1 BS-Based Positioning 201 -- 7.2.2.2 MS-Based Positioning 203 -- 7.3 Position and Velocity Estimation in Cellular Systems 204 -- 7.3.1 Antenna Signal Model 204 -- 7.3.2 Position and Velocity Estimation Algorithm 206 -- 7.3.3 Simulation Scenario 208 -- 7.3.4 Channel Models 209 -- 7.3.4.1 Additive White Gaussian 209 -- 7.3.4.2 Rayleigh Fading 210 -- 7.3.4.3 Dominant Reflected Path 210 -- 7.3.4.4 Rician Fading 210.
7.3.5 Antenna Radiation Pattern 211 -- 7.3.6 Initial Values 211 -- 7.3.7 E-Field Strength Measurement 212 -- 7.3.8 Simulation Results 213 -- 7.3.9 Error Handlers 213 -- 8 Smart Antennas: Mobile Station (MS) and Base Station (BS) Antenna Beamforming 217 Ng Kim Chong, Stetson Oh Kok Leong, P.R.P. Hoole, and E. Gunawan 8.1 Array Antenna 218 -- 8.2 Adaptive Algorithm 221 -- 8.2.1 Minimum Mean Square Error Criteria 222 -- 8.2.2 Least Mean Square Algorithm 223 -- 8.3 Electromagnetic Model 225 -- 8.4 Tracking and Beamforming with Position and Velocity Estimator (BFPVE) 226 -- 8.5 Simulation Scenario 228 -- 8.6 Channel Models 229 -- 8.7 Antenna Radiation Pattern 230 -- 8.8 Initial Values 231 -- 8.9 Simulation Results 231 -- 8.10 Handover Algorithm in Smart Antenna Systems: The Triangle Method 235 -- 8.11 Base Station Beamforming: Position-Velocity Estimator 238 -- 8.12 Channel Model 241 -- 8.13 Performance Evaluation 244 -- 8.13.1 System Capacity 244 -- 8.13.2 Loading of Antenna 249 -- 8.13.3 Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio 249 -- 8.13.4 Range 249 -- 8.14 Base Station Beamforming: Simulation Studies 250 -- 8.14.1 Simulation Scenario 250 -- 8.14.2 Algorithm 251 -- 8.15 Results and Discussion 253 -- 8.15.1 BS Smart Antenna Beams 253 -- 8.15.2 Triangle Method 254 -- 8.15.3 Handover 254 -- 8.15.4 BS-Based Position-Velocity Estimator 255 -- 8.15.5 AWGN Model for Smart Antenna Systems 256 -- 8.15.6 Performance Evaluation 259 -- 8.15.6.1 Capacity, SIR, and Range 259 -- 8.15.6.2 Loading of Antenna 260 -- 9 Real- and Complex-Valued Artificial Intelligence Weight Optimization Algorithms for Smart Antennas in 5/6GWireless Systems: Linear and Nonlinear Arrays 263 K.S. Senthilkumar, K. Pirapaharan, H. Kunsei, S.R.H. Hoole, and P.R.P Hoole 9.1 Introduction 264 -- 9.2 Processing Element 266 -- 9.2.1 Single-Layer Perceptron 266 -- 9.2.2 Multi-Layer Perceptron 269 -- 9.3 Adaptive Array Model 270 -- 9.4 Single Neuron Weight Optimization Model 274 -- 9.4.1 Real-Valued Neural Network 277.
9.4.2 Complex-Valued Neural Network 282 -- 9.4.3 Complex-Valued Activation Functions 286 -- 9.4.3.1 Hyperbolic Tangent Function 286 -- 9.4.3.2 Bipolar Sigmoid Function 287 -- 9.4.3.3 Squash or Elliot Function 287 -- 9.5 MATLABTM Program 293 -- 9.5.1 MATLABTM Program of the SNWOM Algorithm 295 -- 9.5.2 MATLAB Program for the Plotting the Radiation Pattern 298.
10 Advanced Wireless Systems: A Comprehensive Survey 303 K. Pirapaharan, P.R.P. Hoole, and S.R.H. Hoole -- 10.1 Introduction 303 -- 10.2 Evolution of the Wireless Technology 305 -- 10.2.1 The Zero Generation 305 -- 10.2.2 The First Generation 305 -- 10.2.3 The Second Generation 306 -- 10.2.4 The Third Generation 307 -- 10.2.5 The Fourth Generation 308 -- 10.2.6 The Fifth Generation 309 -- 10.3 -- 5G Architecture 311 -- 10.3.1 Radio Network Evolution 312 -- 10.3.2 Advanced Air Interface 313 -- 10.3.3 Next Generation Smart Antennas 313 -- 10.3.4 Heterogeneous Approach-HetNets 313 -- 10.4 Physical Layer Design Issues 314 -- 10.4.1 mm-Wave Wireless Channel Model 314 -- 10.4.2 Adaptive Beamforming 315 -- 10.4.3 Massive MIMO Systems 317 -- 10.5 MAC Layer Upgrading Requirements 319 -- 10.5.1 MAC Layer Restoration to Meet the Modifications in Physical Layer 319 -- 10.5.2 Spatial Beam Patterns 319 -- 10.5.3 Directional MAC Protocols 320 -- 10.5.4 Multiple Access Techniques for 5G 320 -- 10.5.5 Other Methods 321 -- 10.6 MIMO 322 -- 10.6.1 Benefits of MIMO Technology 325 -- 10.6.2 Superior Data Rates, Range, and Reliability 326 -- 10.6.3 Other Methods Downlink MIMO 326 -- 10.6.4 Spatial Multiplexing 326 -- 10.6.5 Transmit Diversity 328 -- 10.6.6 Uplink MIMO 328 -- 10.7 Impact of 5G Wireless Systems on Human Health 328 -- 10.8 Next Generation Wireless Systems 329 -- 11 Emerging Technologies for 5G/6G Wireless Communication Networks 337 Ade Syaheda Wani Marzuki, Dayang Azra Awang Mat, Dayang Nurkhairunnisa Abang Zaidel, Kho Lee Chin, and Paul RP Hoole 11.1 Introduction 337 -- 11.2 -- 5G Requirements 339 -- 11.3 -- 5G Cloud-Based Network Architecture 340 -- 11.4 Key Technologies 341 -- 11.4.1 Small Cell Densification 342 -- 11.4.2 Millimeter Wave 344 -- 11.4.3 Massive MIMO 345 -- 11.4.4 Beamforming Mechanism 348 -- 11.4.5 Ubiquitous Communications 349 -- 11.4.6 Green Communications 351 -- 11.5 Conclusion 352 -- 12 -- 5/6G, Smart Antennas and Coding the Algorithms: Linear ANN, Non-linear ANN, and LMS 361 H.M.C.J. Herath, H.M.G.G.J.G. Herath, K.M.U.I. Ranaweera, D.N. Uduwawala, and P.R.P. Hoole 12.1 Introduction 362.
12.1.1 Evolution of Mobile Communication System 362 -- 12.1.2 -- 5G Technologies 363 -- 12.1.3 -- 5/6G, Health, and Environment 364 -- 12.1.4 Future 6G (2030) Wireless System 365 -- 12.1.5 Development of the Antenna System 367 -- 12.1.6 The Goals of the Smart Antenna System 369 -- 12.1.7 Beamforming 370 -- 12.1.7.1 Fixed Weight Beamformer 370 -- 12.1.7.2 Adaptive Beamformer 370 -- 12.2 Smart antenna using ANN 371 -- 12.2.1 Adaptive Array Model 372 -- 12.2.2 Single Perceptron Weight Optimization 372 -- 12.2.3 Activation Functions 372 -- 12.3 Smart Antenna CODES: Linear/Non-linear ANN AND LMS 374 -- 12.3.1 The ANN Codes: Linear and Non-Linear ANN 374 -- 12.3.2 The Least Mean Square Code 377 -- 12.4 Results and discussion 379 -- 12.4.1 Linear Array Smart Antenna 379 -- 12.5 Non-Linear Array Results 381 -- 12.5.1 Non-Linear Array Smart Antenna 381 -- Bibliography 385 -- Index 405 -- About the Author 411.
Paul R. P. Hoole, D.Phil. Eng. Oxford University Wessex, Institute of Technology, United Kingdom.