http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Nitroxides are versatile small organic molecules possessing a stabilised free radical. With their unpaired electron spin they display a unique reactivity towards various environmental factors, enabling a diverse range of applications. They have uses as synthetic tools, such as catalysts or building blocks; imaging agents and probes in biomedicine and materials science; for medicinal antioxidant applications; and in energy storage. Polynitroxides (polymers bearing pendant nitroxide sidechains) have been used in organic radical batteries, oxidation catalysts and in exchange reactions for constructing complex architectures. Chapters in this book cover the synthesis of nitroxides, EPR studies and magnetic resonance applications, physiochemical studies, and applications including in batteries, imaging and organic synthesis. With contributions from leaders in the field, Nitroxides will be of interest to graduate students and researchers across chemistry, physics, biology and materials science.
Intro -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Chapter 1 A Brief History and Outlook of Nitroxides -- 1.1 Brief History -- 1.2 Nitroxide Reactivity -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 General Approaches to Synthesis of Nitroxides -- 2.1 What are Nitroxides. Limits of Nitroxide Stability -- 2.2 Nitroxide Group Formation -- 2.2.1 From Amines -- 2.2.2 From Hydroxylamines -- 2.2.3 From Alkoxyamines -- 2.2.4 From Nitrones -- 2.3 Some Contemporary Trends in Nitroxide Chemistry
2.3.1 Influence of Structural Factors upon Redox Properties of Nitroxides: The Fight for Stability in Biological Systems -- 2.3.2 Electron Spin Relaxation -- 2.4 The Most Important Nitroxide Classes -- 2.4.1 Piperidine Nitroxides -- 2.4.2 Pyrroline Nitroxides -- 2.4.3 Pyrrolidine Nitroxides -- 2.4.4 Isoindoline Nitroxides -- 2.4.5 3-Imidazoline and Imidazolidine Nitroxides -- 2.5 Cyclic Conjugated Nitroxides -- 2.5.1 4,5-Dihydroimidazole-1-oxyls -- 2.5.2 Nitronyl Nitroxides of Benzimidazole Series (BenzoNNRs) -- 2.5.3 Heterocyclic Vinyl Nitroxides -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements
3.6 Nitroxide-mediated C-C Bond Formation Reactions -- 3.7 Miscellaneous Reactions Mediated by Nitroxides -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Spin Probes and Imaging Using Nitroxides -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 NR Oxymetric Probes and EPR Oximetry -- 4.2.1 Basics of EPR Sensitivity of the Nitroxide Probes to Oxygen -- 4.2.2 In Vivo EPR Oximetry Using Nitroxide Probes -- 4.3 NR pH Probes -- 4.3.1 Basics of Spectral Sensitivity of the Nitroxides to pH -- 4.3.2 In Vivo Spectroscopy and Imaging of pH Using Nitroxide Probes -- 4.4 NRs as Thiol-sensitive Probes
4.4.1 Basics of GSH Detection Using Nitroxide Probes -- 4.4.2 In Vivo EPR Measurements of Intracellular Glutathione -- 4.5 NRs as Probes for Assessment of Enzymatically Catalyzed Reactions -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Nitroxides in Battery-related Applications -- 5.1 Context -- 5.2 Organic Batteries Based on Nitroxide Radicals -- 5.3 Variations of Nitroxide Polymer Structures and Their Related Properties -- 5.4 Nanostructures in Nitroxide Polymer Electrodes -- 5.5 Grafting of Nitroxide-containing Polymers onto Carbon Nanotubes
Cambridge : Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021