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Fluoropolymer applications in the chemical processing industries : the definitive user's guide and databook /

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Fluoropolymer Applications in Chemical Processing Industries: The Definitive User's Guide and Handbook, Second Edition, contains the most extensive collection of data and information on fluoropolymer applications in chemical processing industries. Because of their superior properties, fluoropol...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ebnesajjad, Sina
Corporate Author: Knovel (Firm)
Other Authors: Khaladkar, Pradip R.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom : William Andrew Applied Science Publishers, [2018]
Edition:2nd ed.
Series:PDL handbook series.
Subjects:
Fluoropolymers > Industrial applications.
TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING > Chemical & Biochemical.
Fluoropolymers.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • FLUOROPOLYMER APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
  • Series page
  • FLUOROPOLYMER APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES: THE DEFINITIVE USERâ#x80;#x99;S GUIDE AND HANDBOOK
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1
  • Introduction to Fluoropolymers
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 What Are Fluoropolymers?
  • 1.3 Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers
  • 1.4 Developmental History of Fluoropolymers
  • 1.5 Applications of Fluoropolymers
  • References
  • 2
  • Materials of Construction
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Historical Background
  • 2.3 Definition of Polymer-Based Materials
  • 2.4 Comparison Between Polymer-Based Materials and Metals
  • 2.4.1 Position of Fluoropolymers in the Materials Spectrum
  • 2.5 Applications of Polymer-Based Materials for Corrosion Control
  • 2.5.1 Applications of Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control
  • References
  • 3
  • Properties of Neat (Unfilled) and Filled Fluoropolymers
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Influence of Processing on Fluoroplastics
  • 3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Fluoropolymers
  • 3.3.1 Chemical Compatibility of Perfluoropolymers
  • 3.3.1.1 Effect of Ozone on Fluoropolymers
  • 3.3.1.2 Oxygen Compatibility of Polytetrafluoroethylene
  • 3.3.2 Chemical Compatibility of Partially Fluorinated Fluoropolymers
  • 3.3.3 Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
  • 3.4 Permeation Fundamentals
  • 3.4.1 Permeation Measurement
  • 3.5 Environmental Stress Cracking
  • 3.5.1 Environmental Stress Cracking of Fluoropolymers
  • 3.6 Polytetrafluoroethylene-Filled Compounds
  • 3.6.1 Granular-Based Compounds
  • 3.6.1.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Selection
  • 3.6.1.2 Filled Polytetrafluoroethyleneâ#x80;#x94;Part Fabrication Techniques
  • 3.6.2 Fine Powder-Based Compounds
  • 3.6.3 Compounding With Engineering Polymers
  • 3.6.4 Reinforced Gasketing Material.
  • 3.6.5 Co-coagulated Compounds
  • 3.6.6 Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers
  • 3.6.6.1 Mechanical Properties
  • 3.6.6.2 Thermal Properties
  • 3.6.6.3 Electrical Properties
  • 3.6.6.4 Permeability and Chemical Properties
  • 3.6.7 Properties of Neat (Unfilled) Polytetrafluoroethylene
  • 3.6.7.1 Deformation Under Load (Creep) and Cold Flow
  • 3.6.7.2 Fatigue Properties
  • 3.6.7.3 Impact Strength
  • 3.6.7.4 Hardness
  • 3.6.7.5 Friction
  • 3.6.7.6 PV Limit
  • 3.6.7.7 Abrasion and Wear
  • 3.6.7.8 Electrical Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene
  • 3.6.7.9 Thermal Stability
  • 3.6.7.10 Thermal Expansion
  • 3.6.7.11 Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity
  • 3.6.7.12 Heat Deflection Temperature
  • 3.6.7.13 Irradiation Resistance of Polytetrafluoroethylene
  • 3.6.8 Standard Measurement Methods for Polytetrafluoroethylene
  • 3.7 Properties and Characteristics of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics
  • 3.7.1 Mechanical and Dynamic Properties
  • 3.7.1.1 Tensile Properties
  • 3.7.1.2 Moduli
  • 3.7.1.3 Deformation Under Load (Creep)
  • 3.7.1.4 Poisson's Ratio
  • 3.7.1.5 Flex Fatigue Properties
  • 3.7.1.6 Impact Strength
  • 3.7.1.7 Hardness
  • 3.7.1.8 Friction, Wear, and Abrasion
  • 3.7.2 Thermal Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers
  • 3.7.2.1 Thermal Stability
  • 3.7.2.2 Temperature-Related Properties
  • 3.7.2.3 Thermal Aging
  • 3.7.3 Weatherability of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics
  • 3.7.4 Electrical Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics
  • 3.7.4.1 Perfluoroalkoxy Polymers
  • 3.7.4.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
  • 3.7.4.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride
  • 3.7.4.4 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
  • 3.7.4.5 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene
  • 3.7.5 Optical and Spectral Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics
  • 3.7.6 Radiation Effect on Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics
  • 3.7.7 Flammability of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics.
  • 3.7.8 Biofilm Formation of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Further Reading
  • 4
  • Selecting Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.1.1 Corrosion of Metals
  • 4.1.2 Corrosion of Polymer Materials
  • 4.1.3 Approaches to Selection
  • 4.2 Economics of Selecting Fluoropolymers
  • 4.3 Preparing to Determine Compatibility
  • 4.4 Current Technology for Determining Compatibility
  • 4.4.1 Experience
  • 4.4.2 Manufacturers' Literature
  • 4.4.3 Testing
  • 4.4.3.1 Coupon Testing
  • 4.4.3.2 Simulated Testing
  • 4.4.3.2.1 Testing for Linings
  • 4.4.3.2.1.1 Evaluation of the Panels of the Atlas Cells
  • 4.4.3.2.2 Jacketed Vessels
  • 4.4.3.2.3 Testing for Seals and Gaskets
  • 4.4.3.3 Special Testing
  • 4.4.3.3.1 Permeation Testing
  • 4.4.3.3.2 Environmental Stress Cracking
  • 4.4.3.3.3 Abrasion Resistance Testing
  • 4.4.4 Fabrication Considerations in Materials Selection
  • 4.4.4.1 Fabrication Method Limitations and Trade-offs
  • 4.4.5 Inspection and Maintenance Aspects of Materials Selection
  • References
  • 5
  • Manufacturing of Parts From Tetrafluoroethylene Homopolymers
  • 5.1 Granular Resin Processing
  • 5.1.1 Resin Selection
  • 5.1.2 Compression Molding
  • 5.1.2.1 Equipment
  • 5.1.2.1.1 Mold Design
  • 5.1.2.1.2 Presses
  • 5.1.2.1.3 Ovens
  • 5.1.2.2 Densification and Sintering Mechanism
  • 5.1.2.3 Billet Molding
  • 5.1.2.3.1 Preforming
  • 5.1.2.3.2 Sintering
  • 5.1.2.3.3 Cooling
  • 5.1.3 Automatic Molding
  • 5.1.4 Isostatic Molding
  • 5.1.4.1 Introduction to Isostatic Molding
  • 5.1.4.2 Comparison of Isostatic With Other Fabrication Techniques
  • 5.1.4.3 Wet- and Dry-Bag Isostatic Molding
  • 5.1.5 Ram Extrusion
  • 5.1.5.1 Introduction to Ram Extrusion
  • 5.1.5.2 Ram Extrusion: Basic Technology
  • 5.2 Fine Powder Resin Processing
  • 5.2.1 Resin Handling and Storage
  • 5.2.2 Paste Extrusion Fundamentals.
  • 5.2.3 Extrusion Aid or Lubricant
  • 5.2.4 Wire Coating
  • 5.2.4.1 Blending the Resin With Lubricant
  • 5.2.4.2 Preforming
  • 5.2.4.3 Extrusion Equipment and Process
  • 5.2.5 Extrusion of Tubing
  • 5.2.5.1 Spaghetti Tubing
  • 5.2.6 Pressure Hoses
  • 5.2.6.1 Blending Lubricant and Pigment and Preforming
  • 5.2.6.2 Extrusion Process for Pressure Hoses
  • 5.2.6.3 Quality Control of Pressure Hoses
  • 5.2.6.3.1 Stretch Void Index
  • 5.2.6.3.2 Weep Test
  • 5.2.6.3.3 Orientation Index
  • 5.2.7 Unsintered Tape
  • 5.3 Fluoropolymer Dispersion Processing
  • 5.3.1 Dispersion Applications
  • 5.3.2 Storage and Handling of Dispersions
  • 5.3.3 Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics
  • 5.3.3.1 Formulation
  • 5.3.4 Glass Cloth Coating by Dispersion
  • 5.3.4.1 Equipment
  • 5.3.4.2 Processing
  • 5.3.5 Dispersion Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide
  • 5.3.5.1 Processing
  • 5.3.6 Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces With Dispersion
  • References
  • Further Reading
  • Further Reading
  • 6
  • Manufacturing Parts From Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Materials of Construction
  • 6.3 Rheology of Fluoropolymer Melts
  • 6.3.1 Characterization of Rheology of Fluoropolymers
  • 6.4 Thermal Stability of Fluoropolymers
  • 6.5 Melt Extrusion
  • 6.5.1 The Extruder
  • 6.5.2 Film Extrusion
  • 6.5.3 Sheet Extrusion
  • 6.5.3.1 Production
  • 6.5.4 Pipe and Tube Extrusion
  • 6.5.4.1 Production
  • 6.5.5 Coextrusion
  • 6.5.6 Drawdown Ratio
  • 6.6 Fluoropolymer Tube Extrusion
  • 6.6.1 Sizing of Tubes
  • 6.6.1.1 Small Diameter Tubes
  • 6.6.1.2 Medium Diameter Tubes
  • 6.6.1.3 Large Diameter Tubes
  • 6.6.2 Heat Shrink Tubes
  • 6.7 Fluoropolymer Film Extrusion
  • 6.7.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films
  • 6.7.2 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene and Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Films
  • 6.7.3 Perfluoropolymer Films
  • 6.8 Injection Molding.
  • 6.8.1 Injection Molding of Fluoropolymers
  • 6.8.1.1 Injection-Molding Equipment
  • 6.8.1.1.1 Plastication Unit Design
  • 6.8.1.1.2 Mold Design
  • 6.8.1.2 Process Conditions and Operations
  • 6.8.1.3 Dimensional Stability of Parts
  • 6.9 Rotational Molding
  • 6.9.1 Basic Process Technology
  • 6.9.2 Rotomolding and Rotolining Processing Conditions
  • 6.9.2.1 Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene
  • 6.9.2.2 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
  • 6.9.2.3 Perfluoroalkoxy Polymer
  • 6.9.3 Conclusion
  • 6.10 Other Part Manufacturing Techniques
  • 6.10.1 Compression Molding of Fluoropolymers
  • 6.10.2 Transfer Molding of Fluoropolymers
  • 6.10.2.1 Mold Design
  • 6.10.2.2 Operation of the Mold
  • 6.10.2.3 Transfer Molding Process Variables
  • 6.10.3 Examples of Transfer Molded Parts
  • 6.10.4 Blow-Molding Fluoropolymers
  • 6.11 Vacuum Bagging
  • References
  • 7
  • Fabrication Techniques of Fluoropolymers
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Machining
  • 7.2.1 Sawing and Shearing
  • 7.2.2 Drilling, Tapping, and Threading
  • 7.2.3 Turning and Milling
  • 7.2.4 Centerless Grinding
  • 7.2.5 Skiving
  • 7.2.6 Machining Filled Polytetrafluoroethylene Parts
  • 7.3 Adhesive Bonding Methods
  • 7.3.1 Contact Adhesives
  • 7.3.2 Bonding Adhesives
  • 7.4 Welding Techniques
  • 7.4.1 Heated Tool (Hot Plate) Welding
  • 7.4.2 Hot Gas Welding
  • 7.4.2.1 Equipment
  • 7.4.3 Induction Welding
  • 7.4.4 Spin Welding
  • 7.4.5 Ultrasonic Welding
  • 7.4.6 Infrared Welding
  • 7.4.7 High-Frequency (Radio Frequency) Welding
  • 7.4.8 Solvent Welding
  • 7.4.9 Vibration Welding
  • 7.4.10 Microwave Welding
  • 7.4.11 Resistant Welding
  • 7.4.12 Extrusion Welding
  • 7.4.13 Laser Welding
  • 7.4.14 Welding Polytetrafluoroethylene
  • 7.4.15 Welding Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
  • 7.4.16 Welding Perfluoroalkoxy
  • 7.4.17 Welding Polyvinylidene Fluoride
  • 7.4.18 Welding Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene.