http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
This complete and authoritative guide provides students, practitioners and researchers with a deeper understanding of the operating principles of photmultipliers. Authored by an experienced user and manufacturer of photomultipliers, this handbook gives the reader insights into photomultiplier behaviour as a means to optimize performance.
Cover; The Photomultiplier Handbook; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Preface; Figure credits; Chapter 2; Chapter 3; Chapter 4; Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 10; Chapter 14; 1: Why photomultipliers?; 1.1 Aspects of light detection; 1.1.1 Introduction; 1.1.2 Brief history of PMTs; 1.1.3 The statistical case for PMTs; 1.1.4 DC detection with a PMT; 1.1.5 Detection of single photoelectrons; 1.1.6 Detection of multi-photoelectron signals; 1.1.7 Summary of PMT key attributes; 1.2 Other light detectors; 1.2.1 Silicon PIN diodes; 1.2.2 APDs; 1.2.3 SiPMs; 1.2.4 Summary of silicon key attributes
1.2.5 Visible-light photon counters1.2.6 CCDs; 1.2.7 Hybrid photodetectors and APDs; 1.3 Pulse height resolution; 1.4 Position resolution; 1.5 Signal-to-background considerations; References; 2: Photocathodes; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Solid angles; 2.2 Fundamentals of photosensitivity; 2.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum; 2.2.2 Photoelectric phenomena; 2.2.3 Photoelectron energy distribution; 2.3 Spectral radiation and photometric units; 2.3.1 Spectral radiant energy; 2.3.2 Photometric units and standards; 2.3.3 Filter measurements
2.3.4 Calibration laboratories and absolute radiation standards2.3.5 Trap detectors; 2.4 Optical properties of end window photocathodes; 2.4.1 Refraction in dielectrics; 2.4.2 Reflection from dielectrics; 2.4.3 Photocathode optical properties; 2.4.4 Techniques for measuring photocathode reflectance; 2.4.5 Limits to reliable measurement; 2.4.6 Determination of transmission and absorptance; 2.5 Spectral sensitivity of photocathodes; 2.5.1 Three foremost photocathodes; 2.5.2 Photocathode response to scintillator light; 2.5.3 Solar blind photocathodes; 2.5.4 Infrared photocathodes
2.5.5 High-temperature photocathodes2.6 Photocathode geometries; 2.6.1 Range of end window PMTs; 2.6.2 Range of side window PMTs; 2.6.3 Window materials; 2.7 Photocathode resistivity; 2.8 QE temperature dependence; 2.8.1 Laboratory and commercial applications, -30 C to +60 C; 2.8.2 Ultra-low temperature performance, -273 C to -30 C; 2.8.3 High-temperature operation, +60 C to +200 C; 2.9 Dark count temperature sensitivity; 2.10 Critical photocathode properties; 2.10.1 Photocathode uniformity; 2.10.2 Ionizing radiation; 2.11 Summary of factors affecting photocathode response; References
3: The optical interface to PMTs3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Light attenuation and reflection coefficients; 3.2.1 Light attenuation length, [gamma]; 3.2.2 Reflectance coefficients, [rho]; 3.2.3 Optical coupling of scintillators; 3.3 Point light source; 3.4 Interfacing to small volume scintillators; 3.4.1 Interfacing to scintillators of high Z; 3.4.2 Interfacing to scintillators of low Z; 3.5 Light concentrators; 3.5.1 Light concentrators: Theory; 3.5.2 Light concentrators: Winston cone; 3.5.3 Integrating spheres; 3.6 Scintillators with diffuse reflecting walls; 3.7 Light output from scintillator slabs
Includes bibliographical references and index.
[Place of publication not identified] : Oxford University Press, 2016