http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Handbook of oil spill science and technology
Provides a scientific basis for the cleanup and for the assessment of oil spillsEnables Non-scientific officers to understand the science they use on a daily basisMulti-disciplinary approach covering fields as diverse as biology, microbiology, chemistry, physics, oceanography and toxicologyCovers the science of oil spills from risk analysis to cleanup and through the effects on the environmentIncludes case studies examining and analyzing spills, such as Tasman Spirit oil spill on the Karachi Coast, and provides lessons to prevent these in the future.
Machine-generated contents note: part I RISK ANALYSIS -- 1. Risk Analysis and Prevention / Dagmar Schmidt Etkin -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Executive Summary -- 1.3. Oil Spill Risk Analysis -- 1.3.1. Defining "Oil Spill Risk" -- 1.3.2. Factors That Determine the Probability of Spill Occurrence -- 1.3.3. Probability Distributions of Spill Volume -- 1.3.4. Determining the Probable Locations and Timing of Spills -- 1.3.5. Factors That Determine the Consequences/Impacts of a Spill -- 1.3.6. Spill Impacts: The Effects of Spill Location Type -- 1.3.7. Measuring Oil Spill Impacts -- 1.3.8. Interpreting Risk for Policy-Making -- 1.4. Overview of Oil Spill Prevention -- 1.4.1. Basic Strategies for Spill Prevention -- 1.4.2. Implementation of Spill Prevention Measures -- 1.4.3. Effectiveness of Spill Prevention -- 1.4.4. Spill Fines and Penalties as Deterrents -- References -- part II OIL PROPERTIES -- 2. Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation / Bruce P. Hollebone -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products -- 2.2.1. Density and API Gravity -- 2.2.2. Dynamic Viscosity -- 2.2.3. Surface and Interfacial Tensions -- 2.2.4. Flash Point -- 2.2.5. Pour Point -- 2.2.6. Sulphur Content -- 2.2.7. Water Content -- 2.2.8. Evaluation of the Stability of Emulsions Formed from Brine and Oils and Oil Products -- 2.2.9. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Dispersants on an Oil -- 2.2.10. Adhesion -- 2.3. Hydrocarbon Groups -- 2.3.1. Saturates -- 2.3.2. Aromatics -- 2.3.3. Resins -- 2.3.4. Asphaltenes -- 2.4. Quality Assurance and Control -- 2.5. Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties -- 2.5.1. Weathering -- 2.5.2. Preparing Evaporated (Weathered) Samples of Oils -- 2.5.3. Quantifying Equation(s) for Predicting Evaporation -- References -- part III OIL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES -- 3. Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties / Merv Fingas -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Composition of Oil -- 3.2.1. SARA -- 3.2.2. Sulphur Compounds -- 3.2.3. Oxygen Compounds -- 3.2.4. Nitrogen Compounds -- 3.2.5. Metals -- 3.2.6. Resins -- 3.2.7. Asphaltenes -- 3.3. Properties of Oil -- References -- 4. Vegetable Oil Spills: Oil Properties and Behaviour / Merv Fingas -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The Oils -- 4.3. Historical Spills -- 4.4. Aquatic Toxicity -- 4.5. Properties of the Oils -- 4.6. Behaviour in the Environment -- 4.7. Oxidation, Biodegradation, and Polymerization -- 4.8. Spill Countermeasures -- 4.9. Biofuels -- 4.10. Conclusions -- References -- part IV OIL ANALYSIS -- 5. Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products / Mike Landriault -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.1.1. Crude Oils and Refined Petroleum Products -- 5.1.2. Chemical Components of Petroleum -- 5.2. Introduction to Oil Analysis Techniques -- 5.2.1. GC -- 5.2.2. GC with Mass Spectrometry -- 5.2.3. Ancillary Oil Fingerprinting Techniques -- 5.3. Methodology of Oil Fingerprinting Analysis -- 5.3.1. Oil Sample Preparation and Separation -- 5.3.2. Identification and Quantitation of Target Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- 5.3.3. Oil Type Screening by GC-FID -- 5.3.4. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Petroleum -- 5.3.5. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Petroleum -- 5.4. Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition -- 5.4.1. Evaporation Weathering -- 5.4.2. Biodegradation Weathering -- 5.4.3. Photodegradation Weathering -- 5.4.4. Assessment of Mass Loss during Weathering -- 5.5. Diagnostic Ratios of Target Hydrocarbons -- 5.5.1. Molecular Diagnostic Ratios for Oil Identification -- 5.5.2. Selection of Diagnostic Ratios -- 5.6. Forensic Oil Spill Identification: A Case Study -- 5.6.1. Product Type Screening and Determination of Hydrocarbon Groups -- 5.6.2. Determination of Oil-Characteristic Alkylated PAHs and Biomarkers -- 5.6.3. Comparison of Diagnostic Ratios -- 5.6.4. Weathering Check -- 5.6.5. Results of Match between Spilled Oils and Candidate Sources -- References -- 6. Oil Spill Identification / Gerhard Dahlmann -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Sampling -- 6.2.1. Thick Oil Layers and Tar Balls -- 6.2.2. Sampling of Thin Oil Films (Sheens or Slicks) -- 6.2.3. Taking Oil Samples on Beaches and from Oiled Animals -- 6.2.4. Sampling on Board Vessels -- 6.3. Sample Handling in the Laboratory -- 6.4. Analysis -- 6.4.1. Characterization by GC-FID: Level 1 -- 6.4.2. Characterization by GC-MS: Level 2 -- 6.5. Conclusions -- References -- part V OIL BEHAVIOUR -- 7. Oil and Petroleum Evaporation / Merv Fingas -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Review of Historical Concepts -- 7.3. Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models -- 7.3.1. Wind Experiments -- 7.3.2. Variation with Area -- 7.3.3. Variation with Mass -- 7.3.4. Evaporation of Pure Hydrocarbons -- 7.3.5. Saturation Concentration -- 7.3.6. Development of Generic Equations Using Distillation Data -- 7.4. Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model -- 7.4.1. Oil Thickness -- 7.4.2. The Bottle Effect -- 7.4.3. Skinning -- 7.4.4. Jumps from the 0-Wind Values -- 7.5. Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models -- 7.6. Volatilization -- 7.7. Measurement of Evaporation -- 7.8. Summary -- References -- 8. Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Formation and Prediction / Ben Fieldhouse -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Types of Emulsions -- 8.3. Stability Indices -- 8.4. Formation of Emulsions -- 8.4.1. The Role of Asphaltenes -- 8.4.2. The Role of Resins and Other Components -- 8.4.3. Methods to Study Emulsions -- 8.4.4. The Overall Theory of Emulsion Formation -- 8.4.5. The Role of Weathering -- 8.5. Modelling the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions -- 8.5.1. Older Models -- 8.5.2. New Models -- 8.5.3. Development of an Emulsion Kinetics Estimator -- 8.5.4. Model Certainty -- 8.6. Conclusions -- References -- 9. Oil Behaviour in Ice-Infested Waters / Bruce P. Hollebone -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Spreading on Ice -- 9.3. Spreading on or in Snow -- 9.4. Spreading under Ice -- 9.4.1. Water Stripping Velocity under Ice -- 9.5. Spreading on Water with Ice Present -- 9.6. The Effect of Gas on Oil-under-Ice Spreading -- 9.7. Movement through Ice -- 9.8. Oil in Leads -- 9.9. Absorption to Snow and Ice -- 9.10. Containment on Ice -- 9.11. Heating Effect of Oil on the Surface of Ice -- 9.12. Oil under Multiyear Ice -- 9.13. Oil in Pack Ice -- 9.14. Growth of Ice on Shorelines and Effect on Oil Retention -- 9.15. Effect of Oil on Ice Properties -- 9.16. Concluding Remarks -- References -- part VI MODELLING -- 10. Introduction to Spill Modelling / Merv Fingas -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. An Overview of Weathering -- 10.3. Evaporation -- 10.4. Water Uptake and Emulsification -- 10.4.1. Regression Model Calculation -- 10.5. Natural Dispersion -- 10.6. Summary of Natural Dispersion -- 10.7. Other Processes -- 10.7.1. Dissolution -- 10.7.2. Photooxidation -- 10.7.3. Sedimentation, Adhesion to Surfaces, and Oil-Fines Interaction -- 10.7.4. Biodegradation -- 10.7.5. Sinking and Overwashing -- 10.7.6. Formation of Tar Balls -- 10.8. Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modelling -- 10.8.1. Spreading -- 10.8.2. Movement of Oil Slicks -- 10.9. Spill Modelling -- References -- 11. Oceanographic and Meteorological Effects on Spilled Oil / William J. Lehr -- List of Symbols -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Chapter Scope -- 11.3. Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- 11.4. Water Currents -- 11.5. Waves -- 11.6. Sea Spray -- 11.7. Langmuir Cells -- 11.8. Oil Transport -- 11.9. Areas of Active Research -- 11.9.1. Ice -- 11.9.2. Lagrangian Coherent Structures -- 11.9.3. Sub-surface Well Blowouts -- References -- part VII DETECTION, TRACKING, AND REMOTE-SENSING -- 12. Oil Spill Remote-Sensing / Carl E.
Brown -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Atmospheric Properties -- 12.3. Oil Interaction with Light and Electronic Waves -- 12.4. Visible Indications of Oil -- 12.5. Optical Sensors -- 12.5.1. Visible -- 12.5.2. IR -- 12.5.3. Near IR -- 12.5.4. UV -- 12.6. Laser Fluorosensors -- 12.7. Microwave Sensors -- 12.7.1. Radiometers -- 12.7.2. Radar -- 12.7.3. Microwave Scatterometers -- 12.7.4. Surface-Wave Radars -- 12.7.5. Interferometric Radar -- 12.8. Slick Thickness Determination -- 12.8.1. Visual Thickness Indications -- 12.8.2. Slick Thickness Relationships in Remote Sensors -- 12.8.3. Specific Thickness Sensors -- 12.9. Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems -- 12.10. Satellite Remote Sensing -- 12.10.1. Optical -- 12.10.2. Radar -- 12.11. Oil-Under-Ice Detection -- 12.12. Underwater Detection and Tracking -- 12.13. Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft -- 12.14. Real-Time Displays and Printers -- 12.15. Routine Surveillance -- 12.16. Future Trends -- 12.17. Recommendations -- References -- 13. Detection, Tracking, and Remote-Sensing: Satellites and Image Processing (Spaceborne Oil Spill Detection) / Guido Ferraro -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Oil Spills Detection by Satellite -- 13.2.1. Optical Remote-Sensing -- 13.2.2. Microwave Remote-Sensing -- 13.3. From Research to Operational Services -- 13.3.1. Historical attempts -- 13.3.2. Operational Oil Spill Detection -- 13.3.3. Oil Seepage Detection Aspects -- 13.4. Ancillary Data -- 13.4.1. Detection Capability -- 13.4.2. Risk of Pollution -- 13.4.3. Ship Detection (AIS, LRIT, VMS, Satellite AIS) -- 13.5. Summary and Conclusions -- References.
Note continued: 14. Detection of Oil in, with, and under Ice and Snow / Carl E. Brown -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow -- 14.2.1. Optical Methods -- 14.2.2. Acoustic Methods -- 14.2.3. Radio-Frequency Methods -- 14.2.4. Ground-Penetrating Radar -- 14.2.5. UHF Radiometer -- 14.2.6. Nuclear Techniques -- 14.2.7. Gas Sniffing and Leak Detection -- 14.2.8. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 14.3. Detection of Surface Oil with Ice: Conventional Techniques -- 14.4. Conclusions -- References -- part VIII OIL SPILLS ON LAND -- 15. Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Land / Ania C. Ulrich -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Brief Overview of Bioremediation Techniques for Land Oil Spills -- 15.2.1. In Situ versus Ex Situ -- 15.2.2. Biostimulation versus Bioaugmentation -- 15.3. Key Organisms Involved in Biodegradation of Oil Spills on Land -- 15.3.1. Communities versus Isolates -- 15.4. Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation -- 15.4.1. Temperature -- 15.4.2. pH -- 15.4.3. Salinity -- 15.4.4. Nutrients -- 15.4.5. Moisture -- 15.4.6. Redox Environment -- 15.4.7. Soil Type -- 15.5. In Situ Bioremediation Strategies -- 15.5.1. Bioventing -- 15.5.2. Enhanced Bioremediation -- 15.5.3. Monitored Natural Attenuation -- 15.6. Ex Situ Land Treatment Techniques -- 15.6.1. Land-farming and Land Treatment -- 15.6.2. Biopiles -- 15.6.3. Organic Amendments -- 15.7. Bioaugmentation Strategies -- 15.7.1. Key Bacteria Used in Bioaugmentation -- 15.7.2. Role of Other Organisms -- 15.8. Biostimulation Strategies -- 15.8.1. Biosurfactants -- References -- 16. Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Petroleum Impacted Soil: A Scientifically-Proven Green Technology / Bruce M. Greenberg -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.1.1. Overview of Phytoremediation -- 16.1.2. Developing Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation as a Remedial Strategy for PHC -- 16.1.3. Benefits and Challenges of Phytoremediation and Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation -- 16.1.4. Successful Field Tests of Phytoremediation -- 16.2. PGPR-Enhanced Phytoremediation System(s) -- 16.2.1. Development, Proof, and Full-Scale Application of PEPS -- 16.2.2. Keys to the Success of PEPS -- 16.3. Case Studies of Full-Scale Petroleum Phytoremediation -- 16.3.1. Case Study #1: Edson, Alberta -- 16.3.2. Case Study #2: Peace River, Alberta -- 16.3.3. Case Study #3: Hinton, Alberta -- 16.3.4. Case Study #4: Dawson Creek, British Columbia -- 16.3.5. Overall Conclusions from Case Studies -- 16.4. Achieving Regulatory Criteria -- 16.4.1. Optimizing PHC Analytical Protocols for Removal of BOC -- 16.4.2. Plant Toxicity Testing -- 16.5. Conclusions -- References -- part IX EFFECTS OF OIL -- 17. Overview of Efforts to Document and Reduce Impacts of Oil Spills on Seabirds / Florina S. Tseng -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. Vulnerability -- 17.3. Effect of Oiling on Individual Birds -- 17.3.1. External Oil Effects -- 17.3.2. Internal Oil Effects -- 17.3.3. Oil Effects on Reproduction -- 17.4. Rehabilitation and Veterinary Care -- 17.4.1. Key Considerations in Care -- 17.4.2. Release Rates -- 17.4.3. Post-Release Survival and Reproduction -- 17.4.4. Rehabilitation Process -- 17.5. Estimating Mortality -- 17.5.1. Oiled Birds at Sea -- 17.5.2. Oiled Birds on Land -- 17.5.3. Cause of Death and Background Deposition -- 17.6. Long-Term Impacts -- 17.7. Restoration -- 17.7.1. Apex Houston Barge Oil Spill, Central California -- 17.7.2. American Trader Oil Spill, Southern California -- References -- 18. Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals / Terrie M. Williams -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.1.1. Sea Otters -- 18.1.2. Seals and Sea Lions -- 18.1.3. Sea Cows -- 18.1.4. Polar Bears -- 18.1.5. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises -- 18.2. Sea Otters -- 18.2.1. External Exposure -- 18.2.2. Internal Exposure -- 18.2.3. Long-Term Effects -- 18.3. Seals and Sea Lions -- 18.3.1. Direct Effects -- 18.3.2. Vulnerability and Risk -- 18.4. Sea Cows -- 18.4.1. Direct Effects -- 18.4.2. Indirect Effects -- 18.5. Polar Bears -- 18.5.1. Direct and Indirect Effects -- 18.5.2. Vulnerability and Risk -- 18.6. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises -- 18.6.1. Direct Effects -- 18.6.2. Vulnerability and Risk -- References -- 19. Oil Spill Impact and Recovery of Coastal Marsh Vegetation / Qianxin Lin -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. Toxicity and Impact as a Function of Oil Type and Oil Weathering Degree -- 19.3. Sensitivity to Oil Varies by Plant Species -- 19.4. Effects of Oil Exposure Modes on Severity of Oil Impacts -- 19.5. Effects of Oil Spill Cleanup Procedures on Marsh Recovery -- References -- part X NATURAL DISPERSION -- 20. A Review of Natural Dispersion Models / Merv Fingas -- 20.1. Introduction -- 20.2. The Mackay Approach -- 20.3. The Audunson Approach -- 20.4. The Delvigne Approach -- 20.5. Residence in the Water Column -- 20.6. Comparison of the Models -- 20.7. Conclusions -- References -- part XI COLD REGION SPILLS -- 21. Arctic and Antarctic Spills / Andrew G. Klein -- 21.1. Introduction -- 21.1.1. Occurrences -- 21.1.2. Scale of the Problem -- 21.1.3. Environments -- 21.1.4. Regulatory Framework -- 21.2. Terrestrial Spills -- 21.2.1. Petroleum Transport and Fate -- 21.2.2. Mitigation and Countermeasures -- 21.2.3. Remediation and Lessons Learned -- 21.3. Marine Spills -- 21.3.1. Petroleum Transport and Fate -- 21.3.2. Mitigation and Countermeasures -- 21.3.3. Remediation and Lessons Learned -- 21.4. Policy -- References -- part XII CASE STUDIES -- 22. The Prestige Oil Spill / Lucia Vinas -- 22.1. Introduction -- 22.2. The Ocean and Coastal Dynamics in the NW Iberia and their Influence on the Spill -- 22.2.1. Oceanographic Conditions -- 22.2.2. Oil Spill Forecasting -- 22.3. Oil Monitoring and Fate -- 22.3.1. Fuel Oil Composition -- 22.3.2. Fuel at Sea -- 22.3.3. Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Seawater -- 22.3.4. Continental Shelf Contamination -- 22.3.5. Accumulation in Biota -- 22.4. The Assessment of Effects -- 22.4.1. Bioassays under Laboratory Conditions -- 22.4.2. Field Studies -- 22.5. Environmental Restoration -- 22.5.1. Oil Recovery at Sea -- 22.5.2. Coastal Contamination and Cleanup Efforts -- 22.5.3. Natural Attenuation Processes -- 22.6. Conclusion -- References -- 23. The Grounding of the Bahia Paraiso, Arthur Harbor, Antarctica: Distribution and Fate of Oil Spill-Related Hydrocarbons / Andrew G. Klein -- 23.1. Introduction and Background -- 23.2. Environmental Sampling -- 23.2.1. Surface Slicks and Water Column -- 23.2.2. Intertidal Macroalgae -- 23.2.3. Intertidal Beaches -- 23.2.4. Intertidal Limpets -- 23.2.5. Subtidal Sediments -- 23.2.6. Impacts on Other Wildlife -- 23.3. Conclusions -- References -- 24. Tasman Spirit Oil Spill at Karachi Coast, Pakistan / Alia Bano Munshi -- 24.1. Introduction -- 24.2. Immediate Response to the Impact: Actions and Remediation -- 24.2.1. Oil Recovery and Coast Cleaning -- 24.2.2. Oil Spill Monitoring -- 24.2.3. Socioeconomic Impact and Damage to Coastal Marine Life Damage -- 24.2.4. Human Health Impacts -- 24.3. The DDWP Project by Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) -- 24.4. Hydrodynamics and Meteorological Data -- 24.4.1. Oceanographic Conditions -- 24.4.2. The Assessment of Oil Transport: Numerical Models -- 24.5. Oil Monitoring and Fate -- 24.5.1. Oil Composition -- 24.5.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Seawater -- 24.5.3. Biota Affected by Oil Pollution -- 24.5.4. Oil Content of Sediment -- 24.6. Effects of Oil Impact at the Community Level -- 24.6.1. The Effects on the Benthic System -- 24.6.2. The Effects on the Pelagic System -- 24.7. Bioremediation/Natural Attenuation Processes -- 24.8. Conclusions -- References -- part XIII APPENDICES -- Appendix A The Oil Properties Data Appendix / Bruce P. Hollebone -- Appendix B Conversions / Merv Fingas -- Appendix C Ice Nomenclature / Merv Fingas.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2015