Table of Contents:
  • 1. Conduct of Code: A Historical Overview of Cyberspace in MENA, Paul Kurtz, TruSTAR Technology, USA; & Aaron Ach, Good Harbor Security Risk Management, USA
  • 2. Cyber Insurance as Cyber Diplomacy, Asaf Lubin, Indiana University Bloomington, USA
  • 3. Industrial Cyber Attacks in the Middle East and International Consequences, Selena Larson, Dragos, USA & Sergio Caltagirone, Dragos, USA
  • 4. Influence Operations in the Middle East and the Prohibition on Intervention, Ido Kilovaty, Yale Law School, USA
  • 5. State-Sanctioned Hacktivism: The Syrian Electronic Army, Evan Kohlmann, Flashpoint, USA & Alex Kobray, Flashpoint, USA
  • 6. Disinformation in the Gulf, James Shires, Leiden University, The Netherlands
  • 7. Operation Glowing Symphony: The Missing Piece in the U.S. Online Counter-ISIS Campaign, Michael Martelle, National Security Archive, USA & Audrey Alexander, West Point's Combating Terrorism Center, USA
  • 8. The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism in the Middle East, Mohammed Soliman, Middle East Institute, USA
  • 9. A Battle of Two Pandemics: Coronavirus and Digital Authoritarianism in the Arab World, Sahar Khamis, University of Maryland, College Park & Middle East Institute, USA
  • 10. Toward a Safer Regional Cyberspace, Mike Sexton, Middle East Institute, USA & Eliza Campbell, Middle East Institute, USA.