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Fieldwork extending over a thirty-year period provided materials for this book. Paths and Rivers offers an unusually deep and broad picture of the Sa'dan Toraja as a society in dynamic transition over the course of the past century. The Toraja inhabit the mountainous highlands of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and are well known for their dramatic architecture, their unusual cliff burials, and their flamboyant ceremonial life, which places extraordinary economic demands on individuals and families. The analysis is informed, firstly, by a comparative perspective which sets Toraja social structure in the context of the Austronesian world. Secondly, the author delves deeply into Toraja social memory to show how people think about the past. She examines the usefulness of history and myth in the present as a source of identity, a template for action, or a resource by means of which to claim precedence. The book gives a clear picture of the structure and ethos of the indigenous Toraja religion, the Aluk To Dolo or 'Way of the Ancestors', with its complex cycle of rituals. The book concludes with an analysis of the ceremonial economy, which draws upon both domestic subsistence production and the global market economy. Paths and Rivers draws together a fascinating picture of one society's journey into modernity. Roxana Waterson is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore. She is also the author of The living house: an anthropology of architecture in Southeast Asia (3rd ed., Thames and Hudson, 1997) and Southeast Asian lives: Personal narratives and historical experience (Singapore University Press/Ohio University Press, 2007).
Introduction -- A return journey -- Life in Buttang -- Part one: The uses of the past. I. Toraja and their neighbours; Historical perspectives -- II. The view from the mountains -- III. The ancestors of the same dream -- IV. A time of chaos -- V. The awakening of the oath; memory, identity and historical action -- VI. The colonial encounter and social transformation -- Part two: A house society. VII. The mythical origins of humans and their houses -- VIII. A system of rank under strain -- IX. Trunk and branch -- X. Blood and bone -- Part three: Village life. XI. Women and men -- XII. Planting a hearth -- XIII. Land, labour and inheritance -- Part four: Smoke of the rising and the setting sun. XIV. The structure of Aluk To Dolo -- XV. The enhancement of fertility -- XVI. A changing religious landscape -- XVII. The making of ancestors -- XVIII. Dynamics of the ceremonial economy -- Conclusion.
Introduction -- A return journey -- Life in Buttang -- Part One: The uses of the past. I. Toraja and their neighbours; Historical perspectives -- On modes of remembering the past -- Toraja in the Austronesian world -- Naming the Toraja -- Intimacies and enmities: Toraja relations with the Bugis -- Marginality and resistance: political relations between highlands and lowlands -- II. The view from the mountains. The story of Laki Padada -- Heroes, tricksters, and relations with lowland kingdoms -- III. The Ancestors of the Same Dream -- 'Holding back the mountain of Bone': the seventeenth century -- The Ancestors of the Same Dream in oral memory -- IV. A time of chaos. The 1890s: the 'Time of the Sidenreng people' -- The nineteenth century in local memory -- The commoditization of slavery -- V. The awakening of the oath; Memory, identity and historical action.
VI. The colonial encounter and social transformation -- Dutch takeover and its initial impacts -- The Dutch Reformed Church Mission -- The modernizing process and the development of 'Toraja' identity -- Japanese Occupation and the struggle for independence -- Part Two: A house society. VII. The mythical origins of humans and their houses. Types of mythical narrative -- Laughter from the stone: cosmology and creation -- The house of Puang Matua -- The first carpenters -- The first humans on earth -- Sky and water meet on earth: the to manurun di langi' -- The to manurun in Malimbong -- Questions of precedence and links with the past -- VIII. A system of rank under strain. On the mythical origins of slavery -- Regional variations in the ranking system -- Changing relationships between nobles and their dependents.
IX. Trunk and branch. Houses, land and graves -- Metaphors of origin: the trunk and the tip -- The 'life' of the house -- The house and the rapu -- Hopes and dreams -- X. Blood and bone. The inheritance of kinship substance -- The centrality of siblingship in the conceptualization of kin relations -- Fractions of kinship substance -- From siblings to affines, and back again -- Part Three: Village life. XI. Women and men -- On multiplicity and ambiguity in gender analysis -- Gender as an unmarked category in Tana Toraja -- Pairing and balance in marital relationships -- Mobility and stability: elements of difference in the characterisation of gender -- XII. Planting a hearth. Courtship and engagement -- The marriage ritual -- Marriage and status: intermarriage between ranks -- Modernity and the changing style of weddings.
XIII. Land, labour and inheritance. Sale, pawning and sharecropping of land -- Principles of inheritance -- Lotong's story -- Agricultural labour and the formation of communal work groups -- Part Four: Smoke of the rising and the setting sun. XIV. The structure of Aluk To Dolo. Rites of the East and the West -- Ancestors and deities in the landscape -- Intimacy with the ancestors -- XV. The enhancement of fertility. The ritual rhythm of the agricultural cycle -- The ma'bua', climactic Rite of the East -- XVI. A changing religious landscape. Local religions in the Indonesian national context -- Conversion, modernity and identity -- XVII. The making of ancestors. The journey to the afterlife -- The organization of a funeral -- XVIII. Dynamics of the ceremonial economy. Economic domains and their intersections in -- the Sa'dan highlands -- Shifting measures of value: buffaloes and money -- Mortuary ritual and the constitution of value -- Conclusion.
Appendices -- A. Passonde-sonde, Prayer recited after the ritual of ma'tetean bori', (interpretation of dreams) at the conclusion of the house ceremony -- B. Chant for the ma'bugi' ritual -- C. Verses of two ma'badong chants for the deceased (ossoran badong) -- D. Ranked levels of the funeral ceremony -- E Table of exchange values and inflation over the twentieth century -- F. Genealogies -- 1. Tato' Dena''s genealogy of Tangdilino' and his numerous children, who spread out from Banua Puan to found new houses in different parts of Toraja. -- 2. Tato' Dena''s genealogy of Tamboro Langi', a widely recognized to manurun ancestor. He and his wife Sanda Bilik founded their tongkonan on Mount Ullin in Saluputti. Their great-grandchild Laki Padada went in search of eternal life and married a princess of Gowa; their three sons ruled in Luwu', Toraja (Sangalla') and Gowa respectively. This story is the most important of those linking Toraja to the lowland kingdoms. -- 3. Genealogies of tongkonan Buttang, Pasang and Pokko' in Malimbong, showing the mythical ancestors Pa'doran and Gonggang Sado'ko'.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 475-498) and index.
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