Beryllium : environmental analysis and monitoring /
This comprehensive book describes all aspects of the current sampling and analysis techniques for trace-level beryllium in the workplace.
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Language Notes: | English. |
| Published: |
Cambridge :
Royal Society of Chemistry,
[2009]
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Introduction: Purpose or Background-- Methods-- Summary. Chapter 1: Overview of Beryllium Sampling and Analysis. Introduction-- Background-- Beryllium Sources-- Industrial Uses-- Health Risks-- Natural Versus Anthropogenic-- Carcinogenicity-- Acute Beryllium Disease-- Chronic Beryllium Disease-- Occupational Exposure Limits-- History-- Current Limits-- Trends-- Impact of U.S. Department of Energy Beryllium Rule-- Environmental Remediation-- Sampling Overview-- Air Sampling-- Surface Sampling-- Dermal Sampling-- Soil Sampling-- Analysis Overview: Summary of Current Techniques-- Need for Improved Performance-- Need for Real-Time Monitoring-- Goals of This Book (Summary). Chapter 2: Air Sampling. Introduction-- Purpose of Air Sampling and Choice of Strategy-- Sampling for Compliance with a Limit Value-- Sampling to Determine the Effectiveness of Control Measures-- Sampling to Identify a Group Range of Exposures-- Identification of a Homogenous Exposure Group (HEG)-- Determining the Range of Exposures of a HEG-- Sampling for Prospective Health Studies-- Methods of Air Sampling-- Properties and Behaviors of Aerosols-- Sources of Beryllium Aerosols-- Sampling for Non-volatile Aerosols Using Filters-- Size-selective Sampling-- Inhalable Sampling-- Respirable Sampling-- High-volume Sampling-- Sampling for Volatile Aerosols-- Sampling for Ultrafine Aerosols-- Metrics for Ultrafine Particles-- Analytical Considerations for Selecting a Sampling Method-- Retrospective Exposure Assessments-- Determining a Job-exposure Matrix (JEM)-- Cumulative vs Peak Exposures in Assessing Exposure Histories-- Summary. Chapter 3: Successful Surface Sampling for Beryllium. Introduction-- Background-- Wipe Sampling
- Dry, Wet, Alcohol-- Bulk Sampling
- Sweep, Vacuum, HEPA Sock-- Methods-- Sampling Safety-- Planning Meetings
- Before and During Sampling Campaigns-- Communication-- Personal Factors-- Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)-- Protecting the Sampler-- Protecting the Sample-- Sample Planning
- Avoiding Surprises and Delays-- Getting Organized
- The Plan
- Large or Small-- Sampling Campaign Type, Scope and Strategy-- Detailed Sampling Plan and Agreement to Follow-- Sampling Safety Plan Included-- Include Site History in Plan-- Possible Interferences Identified-- Time Line & Locations of Beryllium Work-- Time Line & Locations of Interferences Work-- Beryllium in Naturally Occurring Materials-- Recordkeeping-- Chain-Of-Custody-- Oversight
- Method
- Assignments
- Reports
- Forms-- Locations of Sample Points and Number of Samples
- How Determined-- Random Selection Sample Points-- Biased Sample Points-- Sampling Techniques and Requirements Detailed-- Photography Requirements and Permits-- Analysis of Samples
- Pre-Qualifying and Selection of the Laboratory-- Quality Control Measures-- Data Reduction Format-- Final Report Parameters-- Cost Considerations
- What is Desired vs. What is Needed-- Sampling Supplies-- Consumables-- Hand Tools-- Power Equipment, Cords and Work Carts-- Sampling Team Needs
- Lunches and Other Logistics-- Trash and Waste Collection and Disposal-- Surface Sampling
- When To Do What and Why-- Regulatory Requirements for Sampling-- Sampling Methods-- Surface Clean, Dusty or Dirty-- Wipe vs. Bulk-- Dry Wipe vs. Wet Wipe vs. Alcohol Wipe-- Bulk Sampling-- Determining Surface Area-- Recordkeeping and Photography-- Protection of Sample Process and Samples from Contamination-- Obtaining the Sample-- Sampling for Release of Items from Radiologically Contaminated Areas-- Summary. Chapter 4: Sample Dissolution Reagents for Beryllium. Introduction: Background-- Methods of Sample Preparation in Geological Media-- Beryllium Ores-- Soils and Silicates-- Methods of Sample Preparation for Occupational Hygiene Samples-- Workplace Air Samples-- Surface Samples-- Bulk Samples-- Summary. Chapter 5: Heating Sources for Beryllium Sample Preparation. Introduction-- Purpose of Heating-- Kinetics of Dissolution-- Issues with Particulates-- Issues with Speciation-- Methods-- Mechanical Agitation-- Limitations/Requirements-- Advantages-- Examples (Soils)-- Thermal Heating-- Limitations/Requirements-- Advantages-- Examples (Ashing, Hot Acid, Hot Ammoniumbifluoride)-- Sonication-- Limitations/Requirements-- Advantages-- Examples-- Microwave-- Limitations/Requirements-- Advantages-- Examples (Combine with Acid for ICP)-- Selected Comparisons-- Filters-- Comparison of Heating Methods on Recovery for Ammonium Bifluoride Dissolution-- Soils-- Summary. Chapter 6: Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry And Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Introduction-- Background-- Concept of ICP analysis and AES and MS detection-- Methods
- Preparation of Samples-- Methods Available-- Analytical Considerations for Selecting a Sample Preparation Method-- Challenges with Beryllium Samples for Analysis by ICP-AES or ICP-MS-- Quality Control/Quality Assurance-- Methods
- Analysis by ICP-AES-- Instrumentation (tentative)-- Selection of Line (Intensity, Detection Limit)-- Interferences (Background, Spectral, Suppression)-- Need to Know Other Constituents-- How to Correct (Different Wavelength, Correction Factor)-- Sensitivity-- Matrix Effects-- Analytical Methods-- Considerations when Working with Beryllium-- Methods
- Analysis by ICP/MS-- Instrumentation-- The Mass Spectrum-- Interferences-- Sensitivity-- Matrix Effects-- Analytical Methods-- Considerations when Working with Beryllium-- Tables/Charts: Summary of Prep Methods-- Spectrum with Example of Potential Interferences. Summary. Chapter 7: Analysis by Non-Plasma Sources. Introduction-- Background-- Methods-- Atomic Absorption-- Methodology-- Detection Limits-- Interferences and Limitations-- Applications-- UV-Visible-- Methodology-- Detection Limits-- Interferences and Limitations-- Applications-- Fluorescence-- Methodology-- Detection Limits-- Interferences and Limitations-- Applications-- Electrochemistry-- Methodology-- Detection Limits-- Interferences and Limitations-- Applications-- Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)-- Methodology-- Detection Limits-- Interferences and Limitations-- Applications-- Summary. Chapter 8: Data Reporting & Communications. Introduction-- Background-- Terminology-- Data Censoring-- Challenges in Evaluating Censored Data-- Other Fundamental Concepts-- Methods-- Evaluation Based on Individual Data Points-- Laboratory Reporting Limits-- Basis, Pros and Cons-- Evaluation Based on Data Sets-- Data/Measurement Quality Objectives-- Basis, Pros and Cons-- Uncensored Data-- What It Is-- When It May Be Useful-- When Not to Use It-- Considerations for Laboratories and Clients-- Project Planning-- Laboratory Integration in Project Design Decisions-- Quality Control-- Quality Assurance-- Beryllium Data Reporting-- Preparation (Before Analysis)-- Instrumentation-- Qualities of Reported Data-- Quantitation as a Substitute for Uncertainty Reporting-- Communicating Results-- Laboratory to Client-- Data Evaluation-- Communication to Managers and Stakeholders-- Summary. Chapter 9: Applications, Future Trends, and Opportunities. Applications of Current Technologies-- Uses of Analytical Measurements-- Diagnostic Sampling-- Exposure Assessment-- Exposure Surveillance-- Data Evaluation-- Data Quality Objectives-- Data Sets Versus Data Points-- Precision/Bias Versus Uncertainty Budgets-- Future Trends and Opportunities-- Drivers for Change-- Occupational Exposure Limits-- Real-Time Monitoring-- Size-Selective Sampling-- Technology Improvements-- Sampling-- Analysis-- Data Evaluation-- Exposure-- Assessment Strategies-- Summary.