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Human subject testing in rear, side, and frontal impact simulations
Human subject crash testing: innovations and advances
1 online resource (xlviii, 929 pages) : illustrations.
For more than 50 years, crash studies involving human subjects have improved understanding of occupant and vehicle kinematics, helped explain injury mechanisms in lower speed collisions, and led to improved seat and vehicle design. Human Subject Crash Testing: Innovations and Advances includes 42 of the most important historical and current studies which used living human subjects in frontal, side, and rear-end impacts. Covering more than 50 years of research (from 1955 through 2006), the book includes numerous landmark SAE papers, as well as papers from other conference proceedings. Papers were chosen based on criteria that included quality and rigor of methods, uniqueness, number of subjects, and long-term reference value. This book also features a comprehensive bibliography, which contains brief summaries of other relevant human subject crash test studies that are not included in the book.
Preface -- v Bibliography -- vii SECTION 1. FRONTAL CRASH TESTS Biodynamic Response of the Musculoskeletal System to Impact Acceleration, SAE Paper No. 801312, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1980 -- 3 Begeman, P.C., King, A.I., Levine, R.S., Viano, D.C. Crash Testing of Humans in Automobile Seats, SAE Paper No. 700361, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1970. -- 35 Chandler, R.F., and Christian, R.A. Biodynamics of the Living Human Spine During -Gx Impact Acceleration, SAE Paper No. 791027, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1979 -- 57 Cheng, R., Mital, N.K., Levine RS, and King A.I. Living Hyman Dynamic Response to -Gx Impact Accelerations II: Accelerations Measured on the Head and Neck, SAE Paper No. 690817, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1969. -- 99 Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J., Patrick, L.M., Beeler, G.W., Smith, M.J. The Effect of the Initial Position of the Head and Neck on the Dynamic Response of the Human Head and Neck to -Gx Impact Acceleration, SAE Paper No. 751157, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA,. 1975. -- 115 Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J., Lustick, L., Becker, E., Willems, G., Muzzy III, W.H. The Effect of Duration, Rate of Onset, and Peak Sled Acceleration on the Dynamic Response of the Human Head and Neck, SAE Paper No. 760800, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1976 -- 141 Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J., Lustick, L., Muzzy III, W.H., Willems, G., Majewski, P.L. Human Head-Neck Kinematic Response to Impact Acceleration: Comparison of Oblique to Combined Frontal and Lateral Response, 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Amsterdam, 2001. -- 181 Guccione, S.J., Jr., and Kaminsky EJ. Effect of Head and Body Position and Muscular Tensing on Response to Impact, SAE Paper No. 741184, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warerndale, PA., 1974 -- 189 Hendler, E., O'Rourke, J., Schulman, M., Katzeff, M., Domzalski, L., Rodgers, S. Strength and Response of the Human Neck, SAE Paper No. 710855, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1971.
225 Mertz, H.J., and Patrick, L.M. The Effect of Mass Distribution Parameters on Head/Neck Dynamic Response, SAE Paper No. 861886, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1986 -- 251 Muzzy III, W.H., Seemann, M.R., Willems, G.C., Lustick, L.S., Bittner, A.C. Human Volunteer Head-T1 Response for Oblique Impact Conditions, International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Graz (Austria), p. 53-68, 2004. -- 269 Philippens, M., Cappon, H., and van Ratingen, M. Comparison of Human and Hybrid III Head and Neck Dynamic Response, SAE Paper No. 861892, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1986 -- 285 Seemann, M.R., Muzzy III, W.H., and Lustick, L.S. Human Volunteer and Anthropomorphic Dummy Tests of General Motors Driver Air Cushion System, SAE Paper No. 740578, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA,. 1974. -- 307 Smith, G.R., Gulash, E.C., and Baker, R.G. Human Volunteer Head-Neck Response in Frontal Flexion: A New Analysis, SAE Paper No. 952721, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1995 -- 323 Thunnissen, J., Wismans, J., Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J. A 30 mph Front/Rear Crash with Human Test Persons, SAE Paper No. 791030, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1979. -- 345 Wagner, R. Omni-Directional Human Head-Neck Response, SAE Paper No. 861893, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1986. -- 359 Wismans, J., Oorchot van, H., and Woltring, H.J. SECTION 2. SIDE CRASH TESTS Dynamic Response of the Human Head and Neck to +Gy Impact Acceleration, SAE Paper No. 770928, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1977 -- 381 Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J., Lustick, L., Muzzy III, W.H., Willems, G.C., Majewski, P. Effect of Initial Position on the Human Head and Neck Response to +Y Impact Acceleration, SAE Paper No. 780888, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1978. -- 419 Ewing, C.L., Thomas, D.J., Lustick, L., Muzzy III, W.H., Willems, G.C., Majewski, P. Human Occupant Kinematics in Low Speed Side Impacts, SAE Paper No. 2002-01-0020, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 2002.
455 Fugger, T.F., Randles, B.C., Wobrock, J.L., Welcher, J.B., Voss, D.P., Eubanks, J.J. Volunteer and Dummy Head Kinematics in Low-Speed Lateral Sled Tests, Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 233-40, 2002 -- 465 Parenteau, C., Shah, M., Steffan, H., Hofinger, M. Far-Side Occupant Kinematics in Low Speed Lateral Sled. Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 7, p. 164-70, 2006 -- 473 Parenteau, C. A Comparison of Volunteers and Dummy Upper Torso Kinematics with and Without Shoulder Belt Slack in a Low Speed Side/Pre-Roll Environment, Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 7, p. 155-63, 2006. -- 481 Paranteau, C. Human Tolerance to Lateral Impact with Lap Belt Only, SAE Paper No. 640843, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1964. -- 491 Zaborowski, A.B. Lateral Impact Studies: Lap Belt Shoulder Harness Investigations, SAE Paper No. 650955, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1965 -- 529 Zaborowski, A.B. SECTION 3. REAR-END CRASH TESTS The RID2 Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy: A Validation Study Using Human Subjects in Low Speed Rear Impact Full Scale Crash Tests. Neck Injury Criterion (NIC), SAE Paper No. 2006-01-0067, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 2006. -- 567 Croft, A.C., and Philippens, M.M.G.M. Human Volunteer Kinematics in Rear-End Sled Collisions, International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Goteborg, Sweden, p. 289-301, 1998. -- 575 Davidsson, J., Deuscher, C., Hell, W., Linder, A., Lovsund, P., Svensson, M.Y. Vehicle and Occupant Response in Low Speed Car to Barrier Override Impacts, SAE Paper No. 1999-01-0442, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1999. -- 589 Goodwin, V., Martin, D., Sackett, R., Schaefer, G., Olson, D., Tencer, A. TRL Rear Impact Volunteer Testing: Methods and Measurements, 1st APSN Workshop on Biomechanical Experiments, Advanced Passive Safety Network, Graz, Austria, September 21, 2004 -- 611 Hynd, D., Willis, C., Roberts, A. Validation of the BioRID P3 Against Volunteer and PMHS Test Data and Comparison to the Hybrid III in Low-Velocity Rear-end Impacts, 43rd Annual Proceedings Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Barcelona, Spain, p. 367-81, 1999.
629 Linder, A., Lovsund, P., Steffan, H. X-Ray Study of the Human Neck Motion Due to Head Inertia Loading, SAE Paper No. 942208, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1994 -- 645 Matsushita, T., Sato, T.B., Hirabayashi, K., Fujimura, S., Asuzuma, T., Takatori, T. Human Head and Neck Kinematics after Low Velocity Rear-end Impacts: Understanding Whiplash, SAE Paper No. 952724, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1995. ...... 655 McConnell, W.E., Howard, R.P., Poppel, J.V., Krause, R., Guzman, H.M., Bomar, J.B., Raddin, J.H., Benedict, J.V., Hatsel, C.P. Human kinematics during non-collinear low velocity rear end collisions, 47th Annual Proceedings Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, AAAM, 2003:467-92..... 679 McConnell, W.E., Guzman, H.M., Krenrich, S.W., Bomar, J.B., Harding, R.M., Raddin, J.H., Funk, J.R., Smith, D.A. Investigation of the Kinematics and Kinetics of Whiplash, SAE Paper No. 670919, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1967 -- 705 Mertz, H.J., and Patrick, L.M. Motion Analysis of Human Cervical Vertebrae during Low Speed Rear Impacts by the Simulated Sled, International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Hannover, Germany, p. 223-37, 1997. -- 757 Ono, K., and Kaneoka, K. Relationship Between Localized Spine Deformation and Cervical Vertebral Motions for Low Speed Rear Impacts Using Human Volunteers, International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Stiges, Spain, p. 149-64, 1999. -- 773 Ono, K., Inami, S., Kaneoka, K., Gotou, T., Kisanuki, Y., Sakuma, S., Miki, K. Prediction of Neck Injury Risk Based on the Analysis of Localized Cervical Vertebral Motion of Human Volunteers During Low-Speed Rear Impacts, International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Madrid, Spain, p. 103-13, 2006. -- 789 Ono, K., Ejima, S., Suzuki, Y., Kaneoka, K., Fukushima, M., Ujihashi, S. Controlled Automobile Rear-End Collisions, an Investigation of Related Engineering and Medical Phenomena, Canadian Services Medical Journal, p. 727-59, November, 1955.
801 Severy, D.M., Mathewson, J.H., and Bechtol, C.O. Head/Neck Kinematic Response of Human Subjects in Low-Speed Rear-End Collisions, SAE Paper 973341, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1997 -- 835 Siegmund, G.P., King, D.J., Lawrence, J.M., Wheeler, J.B., Brault, J.R., Smith, T.A. Kinetic and Kinematic Responses of the RID2a, Hybrid III, and Human Volunteers in LowSpeed Rear-End Collisions, Stapp Car Crash Journal, Vol. 45, p. 239-56, 2001. -- 865 Siegmund, G.P., Heinrichs, B.E., and Lawrence, J.M. Human Subject Kinematics and Electromyographic Activity During Low Speed Rear Impacts, SAE Paper No. 962432, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1996. -- 883 Szabo, T.J., and Welcher, J.B. Human Head-Neck Response During Low-Speed Rear End Impacts, SAE Paper 983158, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 1998 -- 905 van den Kroonenberg, A., Phillippens, M., Cappon, H., Wismans, J., Hell, W., Langwieder, K. Human Occupant Motion in Rear-End Impacts: Effects of Incremental Increases in Velocity Change, SAE Paper No. 2001-01-0899, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA., 2001. -- 921 Welcher, J.B., Szabo, T.J., and Vos, D.P. About the Editor -- 931.
edited by Lawrence S. Nordhoff, Jr., Michael D. Freeman, Gunter P. Siegmund.
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