Table of Contents:
  • Introduction
  • Rethinking state policies toward religious minorities
  • Secularism and Christians in Turkey
  • Secularism and Muslims in France
  • The European Union and Christians in Turkey
  • Islamophobia and Muslims in France
  • Kemalists, conservatives, and Christians in Turkey
  • Radical right, liberals, and Muslims in France
  • Testing the argument beyond the scope of the study
  • Conclusion.