Laboratory techniques in plant bacteriology /

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Borkar, S. G. (Suresh Govindrao), 1956- (Author)
Corporate Author:	ProQuest (Firm)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.
Subjects:	Bacterial diseases of plants > Laboratory manuals. Bacteriology, Agricultural > Laboratory manuals. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Laboratory Ethics in Plant Bacteriology Laboratory: Instruments and General Guidelines
1.1.Ethics in the Laboratory
1.1.1.Cleanliness
1.1.2.Silence
1.1.3.Dress Code
1.1.4.Storage Cabinets
1.1.5.Maintenance of Laboratory Hygiene
1.2.Laboratory Instruments
1.2.1.Maintenance of Instruments
1.2.2.Basic Instruments
1.2.3.Applied Instruments
1.3.Necessary Miscellaneous Instruments
1.4.General Guidelines
ch. 2 Confirmation of Bacterial Pathogen in Diseased Samples
2.1.By Ooze Test
2.2.By Milky Water Test
2.3.By String Test
2.4.By Staining of Crushed Disease Portion
ch. 3 Histopathology of Bacterial Infection
3.1.Determination of the Location of Bacterial Pathogens in Host
3.2.Preparation Of Microtome Sections and Staining for Histological Studies
3.3.Study of Changes in Chemical Constituents of the Affected Plant Tissues
3.3.1.Degradation in Cellulose
Note continued: 3.3.2.Degradation of Poetic Substances
3.3.3.Degradation of Protein
3.3.4.Degradation of Lignin
ch. 4 Sterilization
4.1.Sterilization of Glassware
4.2.Sterilization of Medium
4.2.1.By Autoclave
4.2.2.By Filtration
4.3.Sterilization of Soil
4.3.1.Sterilization in Steam without Pressure
4.3.2.Sterilization with Chemical Vapors
4.3.3.Sterilization with Solar Heat
4.4.Sterilization of the Working Place
4.4.1.By UV Radiation
ch. 5 Medium for Isolation of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
5.1.Basic Liquid Media (Broth) for the Routine Cultivation of Bacteria
5.2.General Medium for Routine Cultivation of Bacteria
5.2.1.Preparation of Nutrient Sucrose Agar (NSA) Media
5.3.Selective and Differential Media
5.3.1.Special Medium
5.3.1.1.Special Media for Xanthomonas
5.3.1.2.Special Medium for Pseudomonas fluorescens (King's B Medium)
5.3.1.3.Special Medium for Isolation of Pectolylic Erwinia
Note continued: 5.3.1.4.Special Medium for Agrobacterium
5.3.1.5.Yeast Glucose Chalk-Agar Medium for Maintenance of Bacterial Cultures
5.4.Preparation of Slants
ch. 6 Isolation of Bacterial Plant Pathogens
6.1.From Diseased Plant Sample
6.2.From Disease Field Soil Sample
6.3.From Field Water Sample
6.4.From Infected Seed Material
6.4.1.Isolation of Externally Seedborne Bacteria
6.4.2.Isolation of Internally Seedborne Bacteria
ch. 7 Purification of Plant Pathogenic Bacterial Cultures
7.1.Selection of Single Bacterial Colonies
7.2.Picking of Single Colonies and Subculture
7.3.Checking the Purity of the Isolated Culture
ch. 8 Rapid Assessment of Plant Pathogenic Nature of Bacterial Isolates
8.1.By Hypersensitive Reaction on a Tobacco Plant
8.2.By Hypersensitive Reaction on a Non-Host Plant
8.3.By Reaction of Bacteria on Soft Fruits
Note continued: ch. 9 Determination of Pathogenicity of the Isolated Bacterial Culture on Natural Host Plants
9.1.By Infiltration Method
9.2.By Swab Inoculation Method
9.3.By Spray Inoculation Method
9.4.By Root Dip Inoculation Method
9.5.By Vacuum Infiltration Method
9.6.By Pin Prick Inoculation Method
ch. 10 Isolation and Enumeration of Microorganisms Associated with Bacterial Plant Pathogen from Soil, Rhizosphere, and Phylloplane
10.1.Isolation of Microorganisms from Cultivated Soil/Soils under Cropping Systems
10.2.Isolation of Rhizosphere Microflora
10.3.Isolation of Microorganism from Root Surface
10.4.Isolation of Microorganisms from Virgin/Uncultivated/Non-Rhizosphere Soil
10.5.Isolation of Phylloplane Microflora by the Serial Dilution Method
10.6.Study of Phylloplane Microflora by Leaf Imprint Method
ch. 11 Preparation of Pure Cultures of Microorganisms
11.1.By Streak Plate Method
11.2.By Pour Plate Method
Note continued: 11.3.By Spread Plate Technique
ch. 12 Maintenance and Preservation of Bacterial Pure Cultures
12.1.Preservation on YGCA Media
12.2.Preservation in Refrigerator or Cold Room Storage
12.3.Preservation in Mineral Oil
12.4.Preservation at -40°C in Glycerol
12.5.Preservation in Edible/Nonedible Oils
12.6.Preservation by Liquid Nitrogen Method (Storage at Low Temperature)
12.7.Preservation by Paraffin Method
12.8.Preservation by Freeze-Drying (Lyophilization) Method
ch. 13 Staining of Bacterial Cultures for Morphological Studies
13.1.Preparation of Bacterial Smears
13.2.Simple or Direct Staining of Bacteria
13.3.Negative Staining of Bacteria
13.4.Gram Staining of Bacteria
13.5.Acid-Fast Staining of Bacteria
13.6.Bacterial Cell Wall Staining
13.7.Cytoplasmic Membrane Staining
13.8.Bacterial Spore (Endospore) Staining
13.9.Capsule Staining
13.10.Flagella Staining
Note continued: 13.11.Staining of Nuclear Material of Bacteria
13.12.Viability Staining of Bacteria
13.13.Suslow Reaction to Determine Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
ch. 14 Bacterial Mobility
14.1.Hanging Drop Technique for Demonstrating Motility of Bacteria
14.2.Brownian Movement
14.3.Relationship of Virulence with Motility (in Erwinia carotovora var. zeae)
ch. 15 Describing Bacterial Colony Morphology
15.1.Colony Type
15.2.Colony Elevation
15.3.Colony Edge
15.4.Internal Colony Structure ([×] 15)
15.5.Colony Pigments
ch. 16 Physiological Characterization of Bacteria (Effect or Environmental Conditions on Growth of Bacteria)
16.1.Effect of Incubation Temperatures on Bacterial Growth
16.2.Determination of Thermal Death Point of Bacteria (TDP)
16.3.Determination of Thermal Death Time of Bacteria
16.4.Effect or pH on the Bacterial Growth
16.5.Effect of Salt Concentration on Bacterial Growth
Note continued: 16.6.Effect of Metals on Bacterial Growth
16.6.1.The Oligodynamic Action of Metals (Aluminum, Copper, and Lead) on Bacteria
16.7.Effect of Dyes on Bacterial Growth
16.8.Effect of Different Wavelengths of Light on Bacterial Growth
16.9.Lethal Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (UV Rays) on Bacterial Growth
16.10.Effect of Relative Humidity on Bacterial Growth
ch. 17 Biochemical Tests Used in Identification of Bacteria
17.1.Amylase Production Test (or Demonstration of Starch Hydrolysis)
17.2.Cellulase Production Test (Degradation of Cellulose)
17.3.Production of Pectolytic Enzymes (Degradation of Pectin)
17.4.Hydrolysis of Gelatin, a Protein (Production of Gelatinase)
17.5.Casein Hydrolysis
17.6.Urease Test
17.7.Hydrogen Sulfide Production Test
17.8.Carbohydrate Catabolism by Microorganisms (Oxidation and Fermentation of Glucose)
Note continued: 17.8.1.Grouping of Bacterial Isolates of Xanthomonas malvacearum on the Basis of Lactose Utilization
17.9.Fermentation of Carbohydrates
17.10.Microbial Reaction in Litmus Milk
17.11.Nitrate Reduction
17.12.Oxidase Test
17.13.Pigment Production
17.14.The IMViC Tests
17.14.1.Indole Production Test
17.14.2.Methyl-Red and Voges
Proskauer Tests
17.14.3.Citrate Utilization Test
17.15.Catalase Test
ch. 18 Characterization of Phytopathogenic Bacteria up to Genus
18.1.Agrobacterium
18.2.Pseudomonas
18.3.Ralstonia
18.4.Xanthomonas
18.5.Xylella
18.6.Xylophilus
18.7.Erwinia
18.8.Pantoea
18.9.Clavibacter (Corynebacterium)
18.10.Curtobacterium
ch. 19 Differentiation of Bacterial Genus into Group
19.1.Differentiation of Genus Xanthomonas into Groups
19.2.Differentiation of Some Well-Studied Species of the Genus Pseudomonas into Group/Species and Biovars
Note continued: 19.2.1.Characteristics Useful for Differentiation of Various Denitrifying Pseudomonas
19.2.2.Sources and Characteristics of Additional Pseudomonas Species (Isolated from Diseased Plants and Mushrooms)
19.3.Differentiation of Genus Erwinia into Groups
19.3.1.Differentiation of Erwinia Species by Cultural, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics
19.3.2.Differentiation of Erwinia Species Based on Acid Production from Organic Compounds
19.3.3.Differentiation of Erwinia Species Based on Utilization of Some Organic Compounds as a Source of Carbon and Energy
19.4.Differentiation of Genus Agrobacterium into Groups and Biovars
ch. 20 Differentiation of Bacterial Group into Species
20.1.Differentiation of Genus Xanthomonas into Species Based on Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics
20.2.Differentiation of Genus Pseudomonas into Species on the Basis of Biochemical Tests
Note continued: 20.3.Differentiation of Genus Erwinia into Species on the Basis of Biochemical Tests
20.4.Differentiation of Genus Pantoea into Species on the Basis of Biochemical Tests
20.5.Differentiation of Genus Clavibacter (Corynebacterium) into Species on the Basis of Tests
20.6.Differentiation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens into Biotype on the Basis of Different Tests
ch. 21 Identification of Races of Bacterial Plant Pathogen
21.1.Identification of Races of X. campestris pv. campestris (Xcc)
21.2.Identification of Races of X. axonopodis pv. malvaceraum
21.3.Identification of Races of X axonopodis pv. viticola
21.4.Identification of Races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae
21.5.Identification of Races of Ralstonia solancearum
ch. 22 Studies on Bacterial Cell Wall-Related Biological Compounds
22.1.Isolation of Bacterial Cell Wall (Peptidoglycan)
Note continued: 22.1.1.Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Wall for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)
22.2.Isolation of Cell Wall
Less (L-Form) Bacteria
22.3.Isolation of Bacterial Exopolysaccharide (EPS)
22.3.1.Testing of EPS by Iodine Test
22.3.2.Estimation of EPS
22.3.3.Estimation of Sugar in EPS
22.3.4.Estimation of Protein in EPS
22.4.Isolation of Bacterial Lipid
22.4.1.Estimation of Bacterial Lipid
22.5.Determination of Glycoprotein Secretion Factor
22.6.Testing of EPS/GP for Induction of WS Reaction
ch. 23 Isolation of Bacterial Metabolites
23.1.Extraction of Total Cultural Filtrate
23.2.Isolation of Bacterial Toxins
23.2.1.Non-Host-Specific Toxins
23.2.1.1.Tabtoxin
23.2.1.2.Phaseolotoxin
23.3.Isolation of Bacterial Enzymes
23.3.1.Isolation of Cellulases
23.3.1.1.Extraction of Cellulase from Pathogen (In Vitro)
Note continued: 23.3.1.2.Extraction of Cellulase Enzyme from Diseased Plants (In Vivo)
23.3.1.3.Measurement of Endoglucanase
23.3.2.Pectinases or Pectolytic Enzymes of Pathogens
23.3.2.1.Extraction of Pectolytic Enzymes from Diseased Plants (In Vivo)
23.3.2.2.Extraction of Pectolytic Enzymes from a Pathogen (In Vitro)
23.3.2.3.Assaying ofPolygalacluronase
23.3.2.4.Assaying of Pectin Transliminases (PTE, PATE)
23.3.3.Assaying Pectolytic Activity of Erwinia carotovora
23.3.4.Determination of Pectic Enzyme Production by Xanthomonas malvacearum
23.4.Isolation of Bacteriocin
23.4.1.Bacteriocin Production
23.4.2.Chemical and Physical Stability of Bacteriocin
23.4.3.Induction of Bacteriocin Production by Mitomycin C
23.4.4.Detection of Antimicrobial Activity in Bacteriocin
23.5.Isolation of Siderophore
23.5.1.Siderophore Detection Assay
Note continued: 23.5.2.Effect of Iron Concentration, Sugars, Organic and Amino Acids, and Nitrogen on Siderophores Production
23.5.3.Characterization of Siderophores
ch. 24 Role of Bacterial Component in Induction of Disease Reaction or Pathogenesis
24.1.EPS in Induction of Disease Reaction
24.2.Bacterial Enzymes in Induction of Disease Reaction
24.2.1.Studies with Pectolytic Enzymes of Erwinia
24.3.Bacterial Toxins in Induction of Disease Reaction
24.3.1.Studies with Phaseolotoxin of Pseudomonas
ch. 25 Enumeration of Bacterial Population
25.1.Enumeration (Counting) of Bacteria by Plate Count or Serial Dilution Agar Plate Technique
25.2.Counting of Bacterial Population by the Use of Spectrophotometer
ch. 26 Determination of Ice-Nucleation in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
26.1.Assessment of Ice Nucleation Property of Pseudomonas syringae
ch. 27 Transmission of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria through Vector
Note continued: 27.1.Transmission of Bacteria (Xanthomonas) through Lepidopteron Larvae (Spotted Bollworms)
27.2.Transmission of Bacteria (Xanthomonas) through Insect/Beetle (Red Cotton Bug)
27.3.Transmission of Erwinia amylovora through Bees
27.4.Transmission of Erwinia through Spotted Beetles
27.5.Transmission of Erwinia through Nematodes
ch. 28 Determination of Perpetuation of Bacterial Plant Pathogen
28.1.In Soil
28.2.In Planting Material
28.3.In Seed Material
28.4.In Vector
28.5.On Implement
ch. 29 Determination of Plant Resistance
29.1.Determination of Vertical Resistance
29.2.Determination of Horizontal Resistance
29.3.Determination of Horizontal Resistance by Using Single Race
ch. 30 Identification of Bacteria by Using the Immunodiagnostic Technique
30.1.Preparation of Bacterial Antigens or Antigen Glycoprotein from BacteriaPathogens
30.2.Immunization and Preparation of Antibodies
Note continued: 30.2.1.Effect of Immunization Period on Recovery of Immunoglobulin
30.2.2.Effect of Extraction Method on Recovery and Affinity of Immunoglobulin
30.2.3.Estimation of Effective Immunoglobulin
30.2.4.Estimation of Affinity of Immunoglobulin
30.3.Production and Characterization of Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies (Evaluation of Specificity)
30.3.1.Validity of pAb-Xcc in Detection of the Pathogens in Seed Samples and Infected Plant Materials
30.4.Immunodiagnostic Techniques (Antigen
Antibodies Reaction)
30.4.1.Precipitation Test
30.4.2.Gel Diffusion Test
30.4.3.Agglutination Test
30.4.4.Immunological Test with Markers
30.4.5.Immunological Electron Microscopy
30.4.6.Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
30.4.7.Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris through ELISA
30.4.8.Determination of the Antigenic Determinant in Bacterial Pathogen by Immunoblot Assay
Note continued: 30.5.Use of Specific Immunoglobulin under Immunofluorescence to Detect the Latent Infection
ch. 31 Identification of Bacteria by Using Molecular Techniques
31.1.Isolation of Bacterial DNA
31.1.1.Isolation of Bacterial Genomic DNA
31.1.2.Isolation of Bacterial Plasmid DNA
31.2.Plasmid Profiling Based Techniques
31.2.1.Plasmid DNA Restriction Analysis
31.2.2.Replicon Typing
31.3.Hybridization-Based Techniques
31.3.1.Southern Blotting Technique
31.3.2.Western Blotting Technique
31.3.3.Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
31.3.4.Microarray Technology
31.4.PCR Based Technique
31.4.1.PCR Technology
31.4.2.Primer Identification/Designing
31.4.3.Arbitrary/Random Primers Based PCR Methods
31.4.3.1.Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers (RAPD)
31.4.3.2.Inter Simple Sequence Repeats Markers (ISSR)
31.4.4.Sequence Specific Primers Based PCR Methods
Note continued: 31.4.4.1.Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) or Microsatellite Markers
31.4.4.2.Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
31.4.5.Modified PCR Methods
31.4.5.1.Multiplex PCR
31.4.5.2.Nested PCR
31.4.5.3.Real-Time PCR
31.4.5.4.Reverse Transcription
PCR (RT
PCR)
31.4.5.5.Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription
PCR (RT
PCR)
31.4.5.6.Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
31.4.5.7.Cooperational PCR
31.4.5.8.Eric and Box PCR Amplification
31.5.Hybridization
PCR Combination-Based Techniques
31.5.1.Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers (AFLP)
31.6.rRNA/DNA Based Techniques
31.6.1.Ribotyping or Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis
31.6.2.16S rRNA Sequencing
31.6.3.Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rRNA Sequencing
31.7.Terminal Restriction Fragment Pattern (TRFP) Method
31.8.Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis Technique (PFGE)
31.9.Guanine-Plus-Cytosine-Based Analysis
Note continued: 31.10.Flow Cytometry for Bacterial Diagnosis
31.11.Deoxyribonucleic Acid Content of Bacterium, Its Relation to Virulence and Drug Resistance
ch. 32 Bacteriophages of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
32.1.Isolation of Lytic Phages
32.1.1.By Direct Method
32.1.2.Indirect Method or Enrichment Method
32.1.3.Detection of Phage
32.1.4.Characterization of Phage
32.2.Bacterial Phage Typing
32.3.Determination of Phage Titer
32.4.Isolation of Lysogenic Phages
32.5.Preservation of Bacteriophages
ch. 33 Determination of Bacterial Sensitivity to Antibiotics and Pesticide
33.1.Determination of Bacterial Sensitivity by Poison Food Technique
33.2.Determination of Bacterial Sensitivity by Disc Assay Method
33.3.Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Antibiotics/Pesticides
33.4.Isolation of Antibiotics/Pesticide Resistant Mutant of Bacteria
33.5.Studies on Pesticide Cross Resistance in Bacteria
Note continued: 33.6.Studies on Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria
33.7.Studies on Pathogenicity of Multidrug Resistance Bacteria
33.8.Curing of Bacterial Mutant from Antibiotic Resistance
33.9.Curing of Plasmid Borne Antibiotic Resistance
ch. 34 Determination of Mutation in Bacterial Plant Pathogen
34.1.Isolation of Antibiotic Resistant Mutant by Gradient Plate Technique
34.2.Isolation of Avirulent Mutants (Mutation for Pathogenicity Character)
34.3.Isolation of Albino Mutant (Mutation for Pigmentation)
34.4.Differentiation of Virulent and Avirulent Mutant
ch. 35 Transfer of Genetic Factor in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
35.1.Transfer of Genetic Material through Transformation
35.2.Transfer of Genetic Material through Conjugation
35.3.Transfer of Genetic Material through Transduction
ch. 36 Population Studies of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria on/in Host Plant
36.1.Estimation of Bacterial Population by Leaf Wash Method
Note continued: 36.2.Estimation of Epiphytic Population by Leaf Impression Method
36.3.Estimation of Endophytic Population by Serial Dilution Method
36.4.Dynamics of Bacterial Population in Host Plant
36.5.Isolation of Intercellular Fluid to Study Bacterial Growth
ch. 37 Preservation of Bacterial Disease Samples
37.1.Dry Preservation of Samples
37.2.Microwave Drying Method
37.3.Preservation of Samples in Preservation Solutions
37.4.Preservation of Leaf Spot/Blight Samples by Lamination
37.5.Preservation of Fruit Samples by Wax Treatment
ch. 38 Measurement of Plant Bacterial Disease
38.1.Glossary to Describe Symptoms
38.2.Measurement of Leaf Spot/Blight Disease
38.3.Measurement of Wilt Disease
ch. 39 Isolation of Antibacterial Compound
39.1.Preliminary Assessment Technique to Determine Presence of Antibacterial Compound in Plant by Computing Bacterial Population
39.2.Assessment of Antibacterial Properties of Plant
Note continued: 39.3.Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Medicinal Plant against Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (Xanthomonas spp.)
39.4.Preparation of Plants Extract in Solvents
39.5.Assessment and Quantification of Equivalent Antibacterial Compound in Solvent Plant Extract
39.6.Isolation of Antibacterial Compound from Plant Source
39.7.Isolation of Antibacterial Compound from Microbial Source
39.8.Testing Efficacy of Antibacterial Molecule
39.9.Identification of Antibacterial Molecule
ch. 40 Isolation of Antibacterial Microbes
40.1.Isolation of Antibacterial Fungi
40.2.Isolation of Antibacterial Bacteria
40.3.Testing Antibacterial Property of Microbial Culture
40.4.Mass Production of Antibacterial Culture
40.4.1.Carrier-Based Mass Production
40.4.2.Liquid-Based Mass Production
ch. 41 Preparation of Bactericidal Formulations
41.1.Preparation of Bactericidal Spray
41.1.1.Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture
Note continued: 41.1.2.Preparation of Bactericidal Mixture
41.2.Preparation of Bactericidal Pastes
41.2.1.Preparation of Bordeaux Paste
41.2.2.Preparation of Rahuri Paste.