Table of Contents:
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Technology and the public sphere
  • 1.2 Civic engagement
  • 1.3 Social media
  • 1.4 Organization
  • 2. History
  • 2.1 Digital cities
  • 2.2 E-government portals
  • 2.3 Open government
  • 2.4 Smart cities, "civic tech," and urban informatics
  • 2.5 Hyperlocal social media
  • 2.6 Summary
  • 3. Theory
  • 3.1 Public sphere
  • 3.2 Social capital and civil society
  • 3.3 Networked self and context collapse
  • 3.4 Uses and gratifications
  • 3.5 Agenda setting and framing
  • 3.6 Structuration
  • 3.7 Actor-network theory
  • 3.8 Information diffusion
  • 3.9 Summary
  • 4. Engagement
  • 4.1 Political participation
  • 4.2 Candidates, politicians, and political parties
  • 4.2.1 Audience and microtargeting
  • 4.2.2 Agenda setting and framing
  • 4.3 Citizens, constituents, and voters
  • 4.3.1 Information seeking
  • 4.3.2 Citizen-to-politician
  • 4.3.3 Citizen-to-citizen
  • 4.3.4 Social watching
  • 4.4 Activism and protest
  • 4.5 Summary
  • 5. Challenges
  • 5.1 Homophily and polarization
  • 5.2 Equity
  • 5.3 Transparency and trust
  • 5.4 Fake news, misinformation, and propaganda
  • 5.5 Summary
  • 6. Epilogue
  • Bibliography
  • Author biography.