http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Synchronization in wireless sensor networks
parameter estimation, performance benchmarks and protocols
1 online resource (xii, 232 pages) : illustrations.
1. Introduction -- 1.1. Wireless Sensor Networks -- 1.2. Time Synchronization -- 1.3. Importance of Time Synchronization -- 1.4. History of Clock Synchronization -- 1.5. Outline -- 2. Signal Models for Time Synchronization -- 2.1. Definition of Clock -- 2.2. Design Considerations -- 2.3. Delay Components in Timing Message Delivery -- 3. Time Synchronization Protocols -- 3.1. Pairwise Synchronization -- 3.1.1. Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN) -- 3.1.2. Tiny-Sync and Mini-Sync -- 3.1.3. Reference Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) -- 3.1.4. Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP) -- 3.2. Network-Wide Synchronization -- 3.2.1. Extension of TPSN -- 3.2.2. Lightweight Time Synchronization (LTS) -- 3.2.3. Extension of RBS -- 3.2.4. Extension of FTSP -- 3.2.5. Pairwise Broadcast Synchronization (PBS) -- 3.2.6. Time Diffusion Protocol (TDP) -- 3.2.7. Synchronous and Asynchronous Diffusion Algorithms -- 3.2.8. Protocols Based on Pulse Transmissions -- 3.3. Adaptive Time Synchronization -- 3.3.1. Rate-Adaptive Time Synchronization (RATS) -- 3.3.2. RBS-based Adaptive Clock Synchronization -- 3.3.3. Adaptive Multi-Hop Time Synchronization (AMTS) -- 4. Fundamental Approaches to Time Synchronization -- 4.1. Sender -- Receiver Synchronization (SRS) -- 4.2. Receiver-Only Synchronization (ROS) -- 4.3. Receiver -- Receiver Synchronization (RRS) -- 4.4. Comparisons -- 5. Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation (MVUE) of Clock Offset -- 5.1. The System Architecture -- 5.2. Best Linear Unbiased Estimation Using Order Statistics (BLUE-OS) -- 5.2.1. Symmetric Link Delays -- 5.2.2. Asymmetric Link Delays -- 5.3. Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation (MVUE) -- 5.3.1. Asymmetric Link Delays -- 5.3.2. Symmetric Link Delays -- 5.4. Explanatory Remarks -- 6. Clock Offset and Skew Estimation -- 6.1. Gaussian Delay Model -- 6.1.1. Maximum Likelihood (ML) Clock Offset Estimation -- 6.1.2. Cramer -- Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for Clock Offset -- 6.1.3. Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation (JMLE) of Clock Offset and Skew -- 6.1.4. Cramer -- Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for Clock Offset and Skew -- 6.2. Exponential Delay Model -- 6.2.1. Cramer -- Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) for Clock Offset -- 6.2.2. Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation (JMLE) of Clock Offset and Skew -- 7. Computationally Simplified Schemes for Estimation of Clock Offset and Skew -- 7.1. Using the First and the Last Data Sample -- 7.1.1. Gaussian Delay Model -- 7.1.2. Exponential Delay Model -- 7.1.3. Combination of Clock Offset and Skew Estimation -- 7.1.4. Simulation Results -- 7.2. Fitting the Line Between Two Points at Minimum Distance Apart -- 7.2.1. Simulation Results -- 7.2.2. Computational Complexity Comparison -- 8. Pairwise Broadcast Synchronization (PBS) -- 8.1. Synchronization for Single-Cluster Networks -- 8.2. Comparisons and Analysis -- 8.3. Synchronization for Multi-Cluster Networks -- 8.3.1. Network-Wide Pair Selection Algorithm (NPA) -- 8.3.2. Group-Wise Pair Selection Algorithm (GPA) -- 8.4. Comparisons and Analysis -- 9. Energy-Efficient Estimation of Clock Offset for Inactive Nodes -- 9.1. Problem Formulation -- 9.2. Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) -- 9.3. Cramer -- Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) -- 9.3.1. CRLB for the Clock Offset of Inactive Node q -- 9.3.2. CRLB for the Clock Offset of Active Node p -- 9.4. Simulation Results -- 10. Some Improved and Generalized Estimation Schemes for Clock Synchronization of Inactive Nodes -- 10.1. Asymmetric Exponential Link Delays -- 10.1.1. Best Linear Unbiased Estimation Using Order Statistics (BLUE-OS) -- 10.1.2. Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation (MVUE) -- 10.1.3. Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Estimation -- 10.2. Symmetric Exponential Link Delays -- 10.2.1. Best Linear Unbiased Estimation Using Order Statistics (BLUE-OS) -- 10.2.2. Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation (MVUE) -- 10.2.3. Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Estimation -- 11. Adaptive Multi-hop Time Synchronization (AMTS) -- 11.1. Main Ideas -- 11.2. Level Discovery Phase -- 11.3. Synchronization Phase -- 11.4. Network Evaluation Phase -- 11.4.1. Synchronization Mode Selection -- 11.4.2. Determination of Synchronization Period -- 11.4.3. Determination of the Number of Beacons -- 11.4.4. Sequential Multi-Hop Synchronization Algorithm (SMA) -- 11.5. Simulation Results -- 12. Clock Drift Estimation for Achieving Long-Term Synchronization -- 12.1. Problem Formulation -- 12.2. The Estimation Procedure -- 13. Joint Synchronization of Clock Offset and Skew in a Receiver -- Receiver Protocol -- 13.1. Modeling Assumptions -- 13.2. Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation (JMLE) of the Offset and Skew -- 13.3. Application of the Gibbs Sampler -- 13.4. Performance Bounds and Simulations -- 14. Robust Estimation of Clock Offset -- 14.1. Problem Modeling and Objectives -- 14.2. Gaussian Mixture Kalman Particle Filter (GMKPF) -- 14.3. Testing the Performance of GMKPF -- 14.4. Composite Particle Filtering (CPF) with Bootstrap Sampling (BS) -- 14.5. Testing the Performance of CPF and CPF with BS -- 15. Conclusions and Future Directions.
Includes bibliographical references and index.