Table of Contents:
  • 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Ontology-based interpretation of natural language
  • 1.2 State of the art in natural language processing
  • 1.3 Relation to the semantic web
  • 1.4 What you need to know about RDF
  • 1.5 What you need to know about soccer
  • 10. Conclusion
  • Bibliography
  • Authors' biographies.
  • 2. Ontologies
  • 2.1 Defining ontologies
  • 2.2 Ontologies in first-order logic
  • 2.3 Ontologies in description logics
  • 2.3.1 OWL DL or SHOIN (D)
  • 2.3.2 OWL 2 DL or SROIQ(D)
  • 2.4 Further reading
  • 3. Linguistic formalisms
  • 3.1 Form and meaning
  • 3.2 Syntactic representations: LTAG
  • 3.3 Aligning syntactic representations to an ontology
  • 3.4 Semantic representations: DRT
  • 3.5 Aligning semantic representations to an ontology
  • 3.6 From DRT to DUDES: pairing syntactic and semantic representations
  • 3.7 Quantifiers and negation
  • 3.8 Further reading
  • 4. Ontology lexica
  • 4.1 The lemon model
  • 4.2 Using LexInfo as linguistic ontology
  • 4.3 Modeling word classes in lemon
  • 4.3.1 Proper nouns
  • 4.3.2 Nouns
  • 4.3.3 Verbs
  • 4.3.4 Adjectives
  • 4.3.5 Adverbs
  • 4.4 Further reading
  • 5. Grammar generation
  • 5.1 From ontology lexica to grammars
  • 5.2 Generating noun entries
  • 5.3 Generating verb entries
  • 5.4 Generating adjective entries
  • 5.5 Implementation
  • 5.6 Further reading
  • 6. Putting everything together
  • 6.1 From conceptualizations to meaning representations
  • 6.2 Challenges
  • 7. Ontological reasoning for ambiguity resolution
  • 7.1 Ambiguities in the context of ontology-based interpretation
  • 7.2 Representing and resolving ambiguities
  • 7.2.1 Enumeration
  • 7.2.2 Underspecification
  • 7.3 Further reading
  • 8. Temporal interpretation
  • 8.1 The time ontology
  • 8.1.1 Temporal entities and their ordering
  • 8.1.2 Temporal relations
  • 8.1.3 The structure of time
  • 8.2 Temporal interpretation with respect to the time ontology
  • 8.3 Further reading
  • 9. Ontology-based interpretation for question answering
  • 9.1 Question answering over structured data
  • 9.2 Querying structured data
  • 9.3 From natural language questions to answers
  • 9.4 Implementation
  • 9.5 Further reading