Table of Contents:
  • 1. Overview
  • 2. Epithelial cell and tissue architecture
  • 2.1 Polarized epithelial cell
  • 2.2 Tight junctions
  • 3. Principles of transepithelial electrolyte and water movement
  • 3.1 Transcellular movement
  • 3.2 Paracellular movement
  • 4. Intestinal architecture and electrolyte transport
  • 4.1 Segmental heterogeneity of transport down the crypt-villus and crypt-surface axes
  • 4.2 Segmental heterogeneity of transport down the cephalocaudal axis
  • 5. Electrolyte transporters, pumps, carriers, and channels
  • 5.1 Transport of cations
  • 5.1.1 Sodium
  • 5.1.1.1 Sodium-potassium ATPase
  • 5.1.1.2 Sodium-coupled glucose transport
  • 5.1.1.3 Sodium-hydrogen exchanger
  • 5.1.1.4 Sodium channel
  • 5.1.2 Potassium
  • 5.1.2.1 Potassium absorption
  • 5.1.2.2 Potassium channels and secretion
  • 5.2 Transport of anions
  • 5.2.1 Chloride
  • 5.2.1.1 Chloride absorption
  • 5.2.1.2 Chloride secretion
  • 5.2.1.2.1 Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport
  • 5.2.1.2.2 CFTR chloride channeL
  • 5.2.1.2.3 ClC chloride channels
  • 5.2.1.2.4 Ca2+-activated chloride channels
  • 5.2.2 Bicarbonate
  • 5.2.3 Short-chain fatty acid
  • 6. Water transport
  • 6.1 Routes of water transport
  • 6.2 Aquaporins
  • 6.2.1 Aquaporin structure and function
  • 6.2.2 Relevance of aquaporins in the intestine
  • 6.3 Uniporters and cotransporters
  • 6.4 Mechanisms of water transport in the intestine
  • 7. Regulation
  • 7.1 Intracellular mediators
  • 7.1.1 Cyclic AMP
  • 7.1.2 Cyclic GMP
  • 7.1.3 Calcium
  • 7.1.4 Protein kinases
  • 7.1.5 Compartmentalization
  • 7.1.6 Transcriptional and translational control
  • 7.2 PINES: Paracrine-Immuno-Neuro-Endocrine System
  • 7.2.1 Autocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine regulation
  • 7.2.2 Immunologic regulation
  • 7.2.3 Neural regulation
  • 7.2.4 Endocrine regulation
  • 7.2.4.1 Absorptive factors
  • 7.2.4.2 Steroid hormones
  • 7.2.4.3 Secretory factors
  • 7.2.4.4 Guanylin and nitric oxide
  • 7.3 Other regulatory effects
  • 7.3.1 Developmental regulation
  • 7.3.2 Systemic effects
  • 7.3.3 Osmotic effects
  • 7.3.4 Homocellular regulation
  • 8. Intestinal disorders and advances toward better treatment of intestinal disorders
  • 8.1 Infections
  • 8.2 Bile acid- and fatty acid-induced diarrheas
  • 8.3 Inflammation
  • 8.4 Genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis and congenital chloridorrhea)
  • 8.5 Constipation
  • 8.6 Oral rehydration therapy
  • 9. Conclusion
  • References.