http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
1 online resource (ix, 118 pages) : illustrations
The developing brain is exquisitely sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous signals which direct or significantly alter the developmental trajectory of cells, neural circuits, and associated behavioral outcomes for the life of the individual. Contrary to initial dogma that the brain is one of the few organs within the body that is immune-privileged, evidence indicates that the immune system has a critical role in brain function during development as well as during sickness and health in adulthood. Microglia are the primary immune cells within the brain, and they are in constant communication with the peripheral immune system and surrounding cell types within the brain. We describe the important role of the immune system, including microglia, during brain development, and discuss some of the many ways in which immune activation during early brain development can affect the later-life outcomes of neural function, immune function, and cognition. Growing evidence indicates that there is a strong link between many neuropsychiatric disorders and immune dysfunction, with a distinct etiology in neurodevelopment. Thus, understanding the role of the immune system and immune activation during the critical period of brain development is a necessary step toward understanding the potential origins of these devastating disorders.
1. Introduction -- 2. The immune response -- 2.1 Sickness behavior: evidence of a brain-immune link -- 3. Brain-immune communication -- 3.1 The autonomic nervous system -- 3.2 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis -- 3.3 Cytokines and the brain -- 3.4 Cytokines and the blood-brain barrier -- 3.5 Infiltration of mononuclear cells from the periphery -- 4. Microglia are immune cells of the brain -- 4.1 The origin of microglia in the developing rodent brain -- 4.2 Colonization of microglia within the human brain -- 4.3 Microglia have a distinct morphology during early brain development -- 5. The functional role of microglia and immune molecules in neurodevelopment -- 5.1 Cytokines and immune molecules in neurodevelopment -- 5.2 Sex differences in glial colonization and morphology --
10. Toll-like receptors and immune activation during early brain development -- 10.1 PAMPs, DAMPs, and the toll-like receptors -- 10.2 The role of alarmins in brain development and the risk of neural and cognitive dysfunction -- 10.3 Alarmins and childhood epileptic disorders -- 10.4 Alarmins and perinatal traumatic brain damage -- 11. Environmental triggers of TLR activation: long-term programming of brain and behavior -- 11.1 Long-term effects of a maternal high-fat diet on brain and behavior: programming the neuroimmune system via TLR4 -- 11.2 Activation of TLR4 by drugs of abuse: effects on the developing brain and later-life behaviors -- 12. Future directions to understanding immune function and brain development -- 12.1 Which comes first: immune dysfunction or neural dysfunction? -- 12.2 Is there a critical threshold of immune activation required for long-term programming? -- References -- Author biographies.
6. Early-life programming of brain and behavior: a critical role for the immune system -- 6.1 Sickness behavior: a well-known example of immune function affecting neural function -- 6.2 Neuropsychiatric disorders and immune function: an extension of sickness behavior? -- 6.3 Developmental origins of neuropsychiatric disorders -- 7. Commonly used models of early life immune activation in the rodent -- 7.1 Lipopolysaccharide: a model of early life immune activation -- 7.2 E. coli infection: a model of early life bacterial infection -- 7.3 Poly IC: a model of early life viral infection -- 7.4 Is there a sensitive period for long-term consequences of early life immune activation? -- 8. Early life immune activation and cognitive impairment in adulthood -- 8.1 Long-term consequences of early life infection: disruption of neurotransmission and synaptic processes necessary for learning and memory -- 8.2 Long-term consequences of early life infection: alterations in immune function and associated cognitive dysfunction -- 8.3 Long-term alterations in immune function and associated cognitive dysfunction: a role for cytokines? -- 8.4 The very long-term consequences of early life infection: increased vulnerability for aging-related glial activation and associated cognitive decline -- 9. Mechanisms underlying the enduring changes in neuroimmune function caused by early life infection -- 9.1 Long-term changes in microglial function -- 9.2 Potential mechanisms of glial priming -- 9.2.1 Innate immune memory -- 9.2.2 Glial-neuronal interactions -- 9.2.3 Glial-T cell interactions -- 9.2.4 Epigenetic alterations --
Part of: Colloquium digital library of life sciences.
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Includes bibliographical references (pages 85-115).
Colloquium digital library of life sciences
Colloquium series on the developing brain. # 4