Introduction to polymers /

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Young, Robert J. (Robert Joseph)
Corporate Author:	Ebook Library
Other Authors:	Lovell, P. A. (Peter A.)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2011]
Edition:	3rd ed.
Subjects:	Polymers > Textbooks. Polymerization > Textbooks. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Note continued: 9.4.2.5.Synthesis of Block Copolymers by Active-Centre Transformation
9.4.3.Synthesis of Block Copolymers by Coupling of Polymer Chains
9.4.3.1.Synthesis of Block Copolymers by Click-Coupling of Homopolymer Chains
9.4.4.Synthesis of Non-Linear Block Copolymers
9.5.Graft Copolymer Synthesis
9.5.1.Synthesis of Graft Copolymers by Polymerization from a Backbone Polymer
9.5.2.Synthesis of Graft Copolymers by Copolymerization with Macromonomers
9.5.3.Synthesis of Graft Copolymers by Coupling of Polymer Chains to a Backbone Polymer
Problems
Further Reading
pt. II Characterization of Polymers
ch. 10 Theoretical Description of Polymers in Solution
10.1.Introduction
10.2.Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions
10.2.1.Thermodynamics of Ideal Solutions
10.2.2.Flory-Huggins Theory
10.2.3.Partial Molar Quantities and Chemical Potential
10.2.4.Dilute Polymer Solutions
10.2.5.The Solubility Parameter Approach
10.3.Chain Dimensions
10.3.1.Freely-Jointed Chains
10.3.2.Effects of Bond Angle and Short-Range Steric Restrictions
10.3.3.Effects of Long-Range Steric Interactions: Chains with Excluded Volume
10.4.Frictional Properties of Polymer Molecules in Dilute Solution
10.4.1.Frictional Coefficients of Polymer Molecules
10.4.2.Hydrodynamic Volume and Intrinsic Viscosity in the Non-Draining Limit
10.4.3.Diffusion of Polymer Molecules in the Non-Draining Limit
10.4.4.Solution Behaviour of Polyelectrolytes
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 11 Number-Average Molar Mass
11.1.Introduction to Measurements of Number-Average Molar Mass
11.2.Membrane Osmometry
11.2.1.Osmosis and Chemical Potential
11.2.2.Measurement of Osmotic Pressure
11.3.Vapour Pressure Osmometry
11.4.Ebulliometry and Cryoscopy
11.5.End-Group Analysis
11.6.Effects of Low Molar Mass Impurities upon
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 12 Scattering Methods
12.1.Introduction
12.2.Static Light Scattering
12.2.1.Light Scattering by Small Molecules
12.2.2.Light Scattering by Liquids and Solutions of Small Molecules
12.2.3.Light Scattering by Large Molecules in Solution
12.2.4.Effect of Molar Mass Dispersity
12.2.5.Static Light Scattering Measurements
12.2.6.Light Scattering by Multicomponent Systems
12.3.Dynamic Light Scattering
12.4.Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 13 Frictional Properties of Polymers in Solution
13.1.Introduction
13.2.Dilute Solution Viscometry
13.2.1.Intrinsic Viscosity
13.2.2.Interpretation of Intrinsic Viscosity Data
13.2.3.Measurement of Solution Viscosity
13.3.Ultracentrifugation
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 14 Molar Mass Distribution
14.1.Introduction
14.2.Fractionation
14.2.1.Phase-Separation Behaviour of Polymer Solutions
14.2.2.Theory of Fractionation by Phase Separation of Dilute Polymer Solutions
14.2.3.Procedures for Fractionation
14.3.Gel Permeation Chromatography
14.3.1.Separation by Size Exclusion
14.3.2.Calibration and Evaluation of Molar Mass Distributions
14.3.3.Universal Calibration
14.3.4.Porous Gels and Eluants for GPC
14.3.5.Practical Aspects of GPC
14.4.Field-Flow Fractionation
14.4.1.FFF Techniques
14.4.2.Theory of Solute Separation by FFF
14.4.3.Applications of FFF
14.5.Mass Spectroscopy
14.5.1.Mass Spectra of Polymers
14.5.2.Methods of Soft Ionization for Polymers
14.5.2.1.Electrospray Ionization
14.5.2.2.Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization
14.5.3.Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy
14.5.3.1.Principles of M ALDI Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
14.5.3.2.Evaluation of Molar Mass Distribution from Time-of-Flight Mass Spectra
14.5.4.Molar Mass Distributions Obtained by MALDI Mass Spectroscopy
Problems
Further Reading
General Reading
Field-Flow Fractionation
Mass Spectroscopy
ch. 15 Chemical Composition and Molecular Microstructure
15.1.Introduction
15.2.Principles of Spectroscopy
15.2.1.Uses of Electromagnetic Radiation in Polymer Science
15.2.2.The Beer-Lambert Law for Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation
15.3.Ultraviolet and Visible Light Absorption Spectroscopy
15.3.1.Applications of UV-vis Spectroscopy in Polymer Science
15.3.2.Practical Aspects of UV-vis Spectroscopy
15.4.Infrared Spectroscopy
15.4.1.Applications of IR Spectroscopy in Polymer Science
15.4.2.Practical Aspects of IR Spectroscopy
15.5.Raman Spectroscopy
15.5.1.Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Polymer Science
15.5.2.Practical Aspects of Raman Spectroscopy
15.6.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
15.6.1.Analysis of Molecular Structure and Composition by NMR Spectroscopy
15.6.2.Analysis of End Groups and Branch Points by NMR Spectroscopy
15.6.3.Determination of Molecular Microstructure by NMR Spectroscopy
15.6.3.1.Determination of Tacticity
15.6.3.2.Determination of Repeat Unit Sequence Distributions in Copolymers
15.6.4.Other Uses of NMR Spectroscopy in Polymer Science
15.6.5.Practical Aspects of NMR Spectroscopy
15.7.Mass Spectroscopy
15.7.1.Elucidation of Structural Features by Mass Spectroscopy
15.7.2.Other Uses of Mass Spectroscopy in Polymer Science
Problems
Further Reading
General Reading
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Mass Spectroscopy
pt. III Phase Structure and Morphology of Bulk Polymers
ch. 16 The Amorphous State
16.1.Introduction
16.1.1.Structure in Amorphous Polymers
16.2.The Glass Transition
16.2.1.Thermodynamics of the Glass Transition
16.2.2.Free Volume
16.3.Factors Controlling the Tg
16.3.1.Chemical Structure
16.3.2.Copolymerisation
16.3.3.Molecular Architecture
16.3.4.Film Thickness
16.4.Macromolecular Dynamics
16.4.1.The Rouse-Bueche Theory
16.4.2.The de Gennes Reptation Theory
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 17 The Crystalline State
17.1.Introduction
17.1.1.Crystallinity in Polymers
17.1.2.Crystal Structure and Unit Cell
17.2.Determination of Crystal Structure
17.2.1.X-Ray Diffraction
17.2.1.1.Polymer Single Crystals
17.2.1.2.Semi-Crystalline Polymers
17.2.2.Polymer Crystal Structures
17.2.3.Factors Determining Crystal Structure
17.2.3.1.Polyethylene
17.2.3.2.Polytetrafluoroethylene
17.2.3.3.Vinyl Polymers
17.2.3.4.Polyamides
17.3.Polymer Single Crystals
17.3.1.Solution-Grown Single Crystals
17.3.2.Solid-State Polymerized Single Crystals
17.4.Semi-Crystalline Polymers
17.4.1.Spherulitcs
17.4.2.Degree of Crystallinity
17.4.3.Crystal Thickness and Chain Extension
17.4.4.Crystallization with Orientation
17.4.5.Polymer Fibres
17.5.Liquid Crystalline Polymers
17.5.1.Classes of Liquid Crystals
17.5.2.Polymer Liquid Crystals
17.5.2.1.Thermotropic Systems
17.5.2.2.Lyotropic Systems
17.6.Defects in Crystalline Polymers
17.6.1.Point Defects
17.6.2.Dislocations
17.6.3.Other Defects
17.7.Crystallization
17.7.1.General Considerations
17.7.2.Overall Crystallization Kinetics
17.7.3.Molecular Mechanisms of Crystallization
17.8.Melting
17.8.1.Differential Scanning Calorimetry
17.8.2.Melting of Polymer Crystals
17.8.3.Factors Affecting 7
17.8.3.1.Chemical Structure
17.8.3.2.Molar Mass and Branching
17.8.3.3.Copolymers
17.8.4.Relationship between Tm and 7S
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 18 Multicomponent Polymer Systems
18.1.Introduction
18.2.Polymer Blends
18.2.1.Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends
18.2.2.Phase Behaviour
18.2.3.Glass Transition Behaviour
18.2.4.Compatibilization of Polymer Blends
18.3.Block Copolymers
18.3.1.Thermodynamics of Block Copolymer Phase Behaviour
18.3.2.Morphology of Block Copolymers
18.3.2.1.Transmission Electron Microscopy
18.3.2.2.Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering
18.3.3.Thermoplastic Elastomers
Problems
Further Reading
pt. IV Properties of Bulk Polymers
ch. 19 Elastic Deformation
19.1.Introduction
19.2.Elastic Deformation
19.2.1.Stress
19.2.2.Strain
19.2.3.Relationship between Stress and Strain
19.3.Elastic Deformation of Polymers
19.3.1.Deformation of a Polymer Chain
19.3.2.Polymer Crystal Moduli
19.3.3.Elastic Deformation of Semi-Crystalline Polymers
Problems
Further Reading
ch.
20 Viscoelasticity
20.1.Introduction
20.2.Viscoelastic Mechanical Models
20.2.1.Maxwell Model
20.2.2.Voigt Model
20.2.3.Standard Linear Solid
20.3.Boltzmann Superposition Principle
20.4.Dynamic Mechanical Testing
20.5.Frequency Dependence of Viscoelastic Behaviour
20.6.Transitions and Polymer Structure
20.7.Time-Temperature Superposition
20.8.Effect of Entanglements
20.9.Non-Linear Viscoelasticity
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 21 Elastomers
21.1.Introduction
21.1.1.General Considerations
21.1.2.Vulcanization
21.1.3.Mechanical Behaviour
21.2.Thermodynamics of Elastomer Deformation
21.3.Statistical Theory of Elastomer Deformation
21.3.1.Entropy of an Individual Chain
21.3.2.Deformation of the Polymer Network
21.3.3.Limitations and Use of the Theory
21.3.3.1.Entanglements
21.3.3.2.Chain Ends
21.4.Stress-Strain Behaviour of Elastomers
21.5.Factors Affecting Mechanical Behaviour
21.5.1.Swelling
21.5.2.Strain-Induced Crystallization
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 22 Yield and Crazing
22.1.Introduction
22.2.Phenomenology of Yield
22.2.1.Definitions
22.2.2.Necking and the Considere Construction
22.2.3.Rate and Temperature Dependence
22.3.Yield Criteria
22.3.1.Tresca Yield Criterion
22.3.2.Von Mises Yield Criterion
22.3.3.Pressure-Dependent Yield Behaviour
22.4.Deformation Mechanisms
22.4.1.Theoretical Shear Stress
22.4.2.Shear Yielding in Glassy Polymers
22.4.2.1.Stress-Induced Increase in Free Volume
Note continued: 22.4.2.2.Application of the Eyring Theory to Yield in Polymers
22.4.2.3.Molecular Theories of Yield
22.4.3.Plastic Deformation of Polymer Crystals
22.4.3.1.Slip
22.4.3.2.Dislocation Motion
22.4.3.3.Twinning
22.4.3.4.Martensitic Transformations
22.4.4.Plastic Deformation of Semi-Crystalline Polymers
22.5.Crazing
22.5.1.Craze Yielding
22.5.2.Craze Criteria
22.5.3.Crazing in Glassy Polymers
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 23 Fracture and Toughening
23.1.Introduction
23.2.Fundamentals of Fracture
23.2.1.Theoretical Tensile Strength
23.2.2.Molecular Failure Processes
23.2.2.1.Bond Rupture
23.2.2.2.Effect of Molar Mass
23.3.Mechanics of Fracture
23.3.1.Brittle Fracture and Flaws
23.3.2.Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
23.3.2.1.Definitions
23.3.2.2.Fracture Mechanics Testing
23.3.2.3.Crack Propagation in Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
23.3.3.Tearing of Elastomers
23.3.4.Ductile Fracture
23.4.Fracture Phenomena
23.4.1.Ductile-Brittle Transitions
23.4.2.Impact
23.4.3.Fatigue
23.4.4.Environmental Fracture
23.5.Toughened Polymers
23.5.1.Mechanical Behaviour of Rubber-Toughened Polymers
23.5.2.Mechanisms of Rubber-Toughening
23.5.2.1.Transmission Electron Microscopy
23.5.2.2.Volume Change Measurements
Problems
Further.Reading
ch. 24 Polymer Composites
24.1.Introduction to Composite Materials
24.2.Matrix Materials
24.3.Types of Reinforcement
24.3.1.Particles
24.3.2.Fibres
24.3.2.1.Glass Fibres
24.3.2.2.Carbon Fibres
24.3.2.3.High-Modulus Polymer Fibres
24.4.Composite Composition
24.5.Particulate Reinforcement
24.5.1.Packing Geometries
24.5.2.Elastic Deformation
24.5.3.Fracture
24.6.Fibre Reinforcement
24.6.1.Composite Geometry
24.6.1.1.Fibre Packing
24.6.1.2.Fibre Arrangements
24.6.2.Continuous Fibres
24.6.2.1.Axial Stiffness
24.6.2.2.Transverse Stiffness
24.6.3.Discontinuous Fibres
24.6.3.1.Elastic Stress Transfer
24.6.3.2.Experimental Determination of Fibre Stress Distributions
24.6.4.Fracture
24.6.4.1.Continuous and Aligned Fibres
24.6.4.2.Discontinuous Fibres
24.7.Nanocomposites
24.7.1.Nanoparticles
24.7.1.1.Carbon Black
24.7.1.2.Nanosilica
24.7.2.Nanoplatelets
24.7.2.1.Clays
24.7.2.2.Graphene
24.7.3.Carbon Nanotubes
Problems
Further Reading
ch. 25 Electrical Properties
25.1.Introduction to Electrical Properties
25.2.Dielectric Properties
25.2.1.Molecular Polarizability
25.2.2.Dielectric Measurements
25.2.3.Dielectric Relaxations
25.2.4.Dielectric Breakdown
25.3.Conduction in Polymers
25.3.1.Measurement of Conductivity
25.3.2.Conducting Composites
25.3.3.Ionic Conduction
25.3.4.Inherently Conducting Polymers
25.3.5.Polyacetylene
25.3.5.1.Structure of Polyacetylene
25.3.5.2.Preparation of Conducting Polyacetylene
25.3.5.3.Electronic Structure of Doped Polyacetylene
25.4.Polymer Electronics
25.4.1.Polymer-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
25.4.2.Polymer-Based Solar Cells
25.4.3.Polymer-Based Transistors
25.4.4.Polymer-Based Sensors
Problems
Further Reading.